〈兩都〉、〈二京〉義疏補

Remarks on the Significance of “Twin-capitals (Liang-tu兩都)” and “Two Imperial Metropolises (Erh-ching二京)”

本文分為五章，凡十五節。第一章從一篇賦經常又被稱作頌這現象入手，揭示賦的原始精神本在諷諫，惟格於現實壓力，不得不以頌為表。在這樣的歷史脈絡下品鑒〈兩都〉，可謂墮落，因為它在替東漢帝室及其功臣集團定都洛陽這項理、法俱悖的政治現實辯護。第二章指出：為了頌揚東漢，〈兩都〉放棄以往三代上、下的政論模式，認為東漢德過三代，因而連帶將賦這大漢文章與《詩》那聖賢作品並列。這種厚今薄古的觀點倒非班氏一家之言，非但西漢已然，且可上溯至先秦儒門。在六朝的文學界中，它的勢力仍不容小覷。而文學領域中首揭此說者，當推〈兩都〉。第三章先自〈二京〉的詞句、觀點、涉及的政治立場均無異於〈兩都〉，逼顯出問題所在：〈二京〉何以會獲得「卓然」的稱譽：然後再自貶抑西漢、褒讚東漢兩方面，從事具體節目上的比對，以見〈二京〉確有它的特殊處。第四章討論著名文評：「五經鼓吹」的正確解釋。然後舉證說明：在班、張心目中，唯有東漢才是文化意義上真正的漢朝，西漢特秦餘耳，因此〈兩都〉、〈二京〉對東漢的褒貶實乃儒、法優劣之爭的改頭換面。這一方面固然引發質疑：〈兩都〉、〈二京〉對建武、永平之治的稱頌真能按字面接受嗎？還是只應視為達義權取的行事？另方面也迫使我們反省：今人口口聲聲儒家觀念於兩漢影響廣被，在賦這領域中究竟有無具體跡象可尋。第五章則想探索：為何時隔四百多年後的《文選》那麼看重這兩篇賦。倒過來問就是：許多其他類似性質的賦為何見棄？我們認為：很有可能是《文選》編者尊君頌聖的意識，以及看重作品撰寫時代與作品性質能否相配所致，當然這也就使得我們必須解釋：集地方都邑賦作大成的〈三都〉何以也入錄。

In this paper, I will point out： (1)The purpose of writing “Twin-capitals” was to justify rather than to criticize the removal of the capital from Ch'ang-an to Luo-yang; and since the “Twin-capitals” serves the vested interest of the court, it betrayed the traditional spirit of such rhapsodies, which was to satirize current events even while using the outward form of a hymn of praise. (2)“Twin-capitals” was the first writing in the field of art and literature to pronounce the concept of historical progress, which had flourished in scholastic circles of the Han Dynasty and originated in the Confucianism of the pre-Ch'in period. (3) There are significant differences between “Two Imperial Metro-polises” and “Twin-capitals”, and this is what makes it explainable that the Crown Prince Chao-ming anthologized both of them even though there are many similarities in many aspects such as lexicon, viewpoint and political position. (4) Sun Ch'uo's well-known comment on these two rhapsodies is capable of correct interpretation, which relates to the cultural effect of Confucianism as revealed in them and in other rhapsodies taking “the hunt” as the remonstrant theme. (5) There is an explanation of the Crown Prince Chao-ming's criteria to put “Twin-capitals” and “Two Imperial Metropolises” in such a cardinal place on the one hand, and to exclude other rhapsodies with similar topics from his anthology on the other hand.