鋼鐵廠架空式起重機操作人員肌肉骨骼傷害人因工程分析

Ergonomic Analysis of the Overhead Crane Operators’ Musculoskeletal Disorders in Steel Plants2

固定式起重機（以下簡稱天車）是在工廠使用之機械中，為最多最廣的危險性機械設備，雖然在硬體檢查、法令規定及研究相當周全及完整，但是在人因工程及肌肉骨骼症狀方面卻甚少探討，本研究乃針對上述項目進行鋼鐵廠合格操作人員調查、訪談、測試及試行肌肉骨骼傷害（Musculoskeletal Disorders,MSDs）人因工程檢核表。測試結果顯示86.7%的操作人員表示有酸、痛等肌肉骨骼症狀記錄，並以上肢發生比例較高，尤其是手掌及頸部。工作職場環境不佳及生理狀況不佳所導致操作失誤的比例甚高，反應出此作業特性，因為需要高度的精神注意力及肌肉操控力，除此之外亦發現天車操控系統確有改善以及重新規範之必要，借以提升人員操作安全，避免肌肉骨骼症狀與人因危害發生。

Among the dangerous machinery, overhead crane is commonly used in factories. Regulatory safety requirements on the design, inspection, maintenance, and operation of crane are closely followed by the operators. However, the symptoms of muscular and skeleton disorders and its control are seldom addressed. This study is aimed at probing the MSDs problems of crane operators. The study was conducted in collaboration with qualified operators of steel mills via interviews, observation, and on-site tests. Results indicated that more than 90% of the operators viewed crane operation as highly demanding. It is very difficult to operate the crane coherently and efficiently. 86.7% of the operators experienced the symptoms of sore and aching of muscle and bone, the upper limbs with higher occurrence ratio, especially the palm and neck. Results from the MSDs ergonomic checklists indicated that the upper limb accounted for 30% and back and lower limb accounted for 25% of those with score higher than 5. The category of risk factors in the MSDs checklists can be applied in the operation of crane, but it is advisable to modify and improve the risk factors, working hours and scoring methods. Poor working environment and unhealthy physiological conditions could result in high percentage of human errors since crane operation demands concentration and attention. Moreover, it is crucial to improve the crane manipulative system to enhance the safety of the operators and to avoid ergonomic hazards.