陶瓷製造業粉塵危害調查

A Study on Dust Exposure in the Ceramics Manufacturing Environment

勞工安全衛生研究所曾於 87、88 年度針對國內耐火磚廠進行原料、成品及空氣粉塵之結晶型游離二氧化矽調查，發現經鍛燒高溫製程後之耐火磚含有方矽石、鱗矽石；因此該業勞工有可能暴露於方矽石、鱗矽石之環境中，而由其氣動直徑中位值得知隸屬胸腔性微粒。陶瓷製造業之製程約略可區分為混料、成型、乾燥、施釉、燒成、成品，與耐火磚廠類似。本調查針對陶瓷製造業隨機抽樣代表性廠商進行可呼吸性粉塵之個人採樣，並針對建築瓷進行 Marple 八階分徑之採樣及結晶型游離二氧化矽分析，以了解勞工暴露情形、粉塵及結晶型游離二氧化矽之粒徑分布情況。結果顯示，本次陶瓷製造業原料樣本調查中，計有 32%之樣本含有結晶型游離二氧化矽。若依我國作業環境空氣中有害物質容許濃度規範之第四種粉塵視之，則所有工廠個人可呼吸性粉塵濃度不合格率：2.1%；若以第二種粉塵視之，則不合格率：18.8%；其個人可呼吸性粉塵濃度平均值依序為衛生瓷＞日用瓷＞陶瓷原料＞建築瓷＞工業用瓷＞藝術瓷。陶瓷製造業各製程中以施釉勞工之粉塵暴露平均值（1.37 mg/m3 ）最高，成品次之，混料再次之；若以直讀式粉塵監測儀測定之，亦以施釉程序之粉塵數目濃度最高。另針對建築瓷調查，其各製程區域粉塵、結晶型游離二氧化矽之質量中位氣動直徑，大多屬於可呼吸性粉塵之範圍。由結晶型游離二氧化矽大多集中於較大顆粒上，且由各製程之分階粉塵濃度總和及粉塵質量中位氣動直徑推測建築瓷之粉塵來源主要應是噴霧造粒區。噴釉之勞工，雖是採濕式作業，但調查結果顯示該作業別之勞工其粉塵暴露值較高；故在防塵防護上可採較嚴謹之呼吸防護措施。

According to IOSH studies on refractory brick manufacturers, workers may be exposed to tridymite and cristobalite. The mass median aerodynamic diameter shows that they are thoracic particulate. Manufacturing processes of ceramics composed of mixing, molding, drying, glazing, and burning, similar to refractory brick manufacturing. This study focuses on the exposure of respirable particulate and crystalline free silica in ceramics manufacturing. The results show that 32% of the material samples contain crystalline free silica. If they are considered as the fourth category nuisance dust, compared to the PEL value of Taiwan labor regulation, 2.1% of the samples exceed the regulation limit. If they are considered as the second category dust, compared to the PEL value of Taiwan labor regulation, 18.8% of the samples exceed the regulation limit. For workers at different manufacturing lines the average personal respirable particulate exposure level, in descending order, is sanitation ceramic, daily use porcelain, ceramic materials handling , construction ceramic, industrial ceramic, art porcelain. In all processes of the ceramic manufacturing, the glazing worker has the highest average dust exposure (1.37 mg/m3). When using direct reading dust monitor, glazing process has the highest dust concentration as well. The survey of construction ceramic manufacturing result shows dust in all process zones and MMAD of crystalline free silica are in the range of respirable dust. The particle size distribution of respirable particulate and crystalline free silica indicates that crystalline free silica has a higher concentration of large particles. For personal sampling and portable particle counter, the process with the most serious exposure is in glazing, especially glazing spray.