明朝政府對外國船難事件的處理

The Salvage of Foreign Shipwreck by Ming Dynasty Government

明代是一個海事活動頻繁的年代，航行海上的船舶增加，海難事件亦相對的多。中國及各國船隻或為朝貢，或為貿易，或為捕魚等等不同的原因揚帆出海，難免遭遇到人為和自然界所帶來的災難。中國有綿延數萬里的海岸線。部分遇難的船隻會漂流到中國沿海城鎮。明朝政府針對不同國家的船隻和相關漂流人員的身份，會有不同的處理方式。本文主要從中國、朝鮮的史籍《明實錄》、《朝鮮王朝實錄》，以及琉球的檔案文獻《歷代寶案》等，整理出琉球、暹羅、日本等外國船難漂流記錄，並配合崔溥《漂海錄》及王在晉的《越鎸》卷21〈雜記．朝鮮漁人〉等相關文獻，探討明朝政府對於外國船難漂流事件的態度和處理方式。由此看清明朝政府救助、遣返漂流民確實有一套基本模式。而這套模式的形成還涉及到宗主國與朝貢國之間的外交關係。

Ming Dynasty was the era of frequent maritime activities, therefore, shipwreck often occurs. For different reasons, Chinese and international vessels sailing on the sea, inevitably encounter man-made calamities or natural disasters. China has thousands of miles of coastline stretches. Some of the distressed vessels will drift to the coast town of China. According to the identity of castaway, the salvation of foreign shipwreck by Ming government will be different. In this paper, we will discuss the salvage and repatriate by Ming government to the foreign shipwreck, according to the material of the Ryukyu, Siam, Japan and other foreign shipwreck records that sorting out from Ming Shilu(明實錄), The Annals of the Joseon Dynasty(朝鮮王朝實錄), Rekidai Hoan(歷代寶案), Choe Bu, Geumnam Pyohaerok(錦南漂海錄), Wang Zaijin, Chao Xian Yu Ren(朝鮮漁人).