「鄉土」語境的衍異與增生－－九○年代以降臺灣鄉土小說的書寫新貌

The Change and Proliferation of the Term ＂Nativism＂-The New Appearance of Taiwanese Nativist Novels after the Nineties

由於解嚴的衝撞，因運文學生態丕變、藉文學解讀歷史的立場不斷挪移、作家創作素材的改換等等，鄉土書寫呈現了另一番的發展與變貌，論者因而名之為「新鄉土」或「後鄉土」，用以概括九○年代以降台灣鄉土小說的總體現象。從宏觀照徹而言，「代」是一個關乎時間分類的概念，從中分衍出「時代」與「世代」的觀念。「時變與創化」的流風所及，鄉土書寫的發展確然包括了新舊的「文學世代屬性」；就微觀考察而論，除了探討「世代性」外，也可沿用「班底」（鄉土作家群）概念，總攬作家類群所表現創作美學，而形塑獨特的文學景觀。循此，新／後鄉土小說的「新」與「後」，遂可指陳九○年代之「後」的鄉土小說及其展現的創作美學之「新」。九○年代以降所描寫「鄉土體驗」的文學意義，以及描寫「鄉土意義」的文學體驗，均可說明「鄉土」書寫與「鄉土」語境的嬗變攸關。本文的論述重點，在於探勘新／後鄉土於承續與衍異中的書寫新貌，因此，「鄉土」不僅將成為本論文的研究對象，也將作為一個新的理論視角，嵌入台灣文學史之中，藉資考察作家所含藏視野與策略的書寫現象。所採取的研究方法，也擬借鑑文學社會學，以此作為鄉土文學研究的觀察視域，以期在新／後鄉土的形成因素分析及其表現形態的概括中展開論述，形成對九○年代以降鄉土小說的觀察與解讀。而作為書寫者想像或經驗透視中的鄉土，也必然附著於文學地理景觀的「空間」意識，地方與空間相互交錯的定義，因而作為論述的線索與憑藉；再則既稱為「新」或「後」，即標誌了一種斷裂或一個階段的變化性書寫特質，當新／後鄉土書寫中反復出現「進步」與「異化」的時代議題時，現代美學中諸如頹廢、怪誕等概念，自也是重要的論述取徑。

After the lifting of the Martial Law, and the corresponding transformation of literature environment, the constant transition of historical standpoint as interpreted by literature, and the change of writers' writing materials, have resulted in the development and changes of native literature. Such a transformation is called ＂neo-navitism＂ or ＂post-navitism＂ to describe broadly the overall phenomenon of Taiwanese native literatures after the 90s. Both of the literature meanings of the writings describing ＂nativist experiences＂ and the literature experiences of writings describing ＂nativist meaning＂ after the 90s could explain that the transformation of the term ＂nativism＂ is relevant to the writings of ＂nativism.＂ This paper investigates the new appearance of neo-navitism/post-navitism writing together with its succession and transformation. ＂Navitism＂ is not only the research subject of this thesis but also viewed as a viewpoint of the new theory, which is embedded into the history of Taiwanese native literature to explore writers' field of vision and writing styles. This paper adopts the viewpoints from sociology of literature as research methods to explore the studies of navitist literature in order to discuss the analyses of formation factors and expression forms of neo-nativism and post-nativism, and form the observation and interpretation of navitist novels after the nineties. The nativism that writers had imagined and experienced would necessarily have been accompanied with the ideology of ＂space＂ from the geographical landscape of literature. In addition, the name of ＂neo＂ or ＂post＂ suggests that writing properties have undergone the change of a gap or a stage. When issues, such as ＂evolution＂ and ＂dissimilation,＂ are repeatedly seen in the writings of neo/post navitism, the concepts of modern aesthetics such as decadence and fantasticism could be important approaches for discussing the writings of navitist literature.