兩個歸島書寫：夏曼．藍波安（蘭嶼）與崎山多美（西表島）

Returning to the Home Island: Syaman Rapongan's ＂Orchid Island＂ and Sakiyam Tami's ＂Iriomote Island＂

本文討論蘭嶼原住民作家夏曼．藍波安的散文〈海洋朝聖者〉（1995）與沖繩西表島崎山多美的小說〈水上往還〉（1989），探討兩位離島出身作家的歸島書寫，如何從外部相對化中央的主流價值，對台灣與沖繩的「大島」國族主義提出質疑批判。兩部作品同樣站在「離島」的觀點，挑戰台灣與沖繩本島固著於土地的認同政治，同時也都抗拒以其出身的離島作為純粹本質的「烏托邦」之誘惑。兩位作家的歸島書寫如何透過從「本島」回歸「離島」的移動軌跡，記錄自身與故鄉關係的變化？又如何在歸島的過程中，重新審視、建構自己與家人、祖先之間的關係？在這樣的歷程當中，「海洋」被賦予什麼樣的多重意義？本文最後指出，兩個歸鄉書寫分別取徑於本質主義與反本質主義，卻在回歸過程中，顛覆翻轉自身選擇的途徑，藉由弱勢／邊緣族群「回歸」與「離散」間的辯證關係，暴露主流／中心族群與文化在現代化與資本主義化的過程中，加諸於離島的強制與壓迫。同時，他們的「回歸」溯源之旅，充斥著距離變動下的游移／猶疑，使其主體性重建逆說式地成為自我解構的過程。歸鄉者透過與故鄉之間反覆的拉近與推離，逐漸拼湊失落的關係與傳承，但他們的最終歸所不是根植「土地」的固定、排他的單一純粹系譜，而是永無止盡的辯證過程中不斷向外開展、包容一切的「海洋式主體性」。

This paper examines ＂The Ocean Pilgrim＂ (1995) by Orchid Island's Indigenous writer Syaman Rapongan and ＂A Journey through the Water＂(1989) by Sakiyama Tami from Iriomote Island, Okinawa, focusing on how homecoming writings by writers from offshore islets provide alternative perspectives that challenge the mainstream values of Taiwan and Okinawa proper, especially their ＂Island Nationalism.＂ Their writings not only interrogate identity politics with respect to the land and the idea of territory, but resist the lure of Utopia and essentialism. How do they redefine the relationships between ancestors, family, and themselves through the journey from Taiwan or Okinawa proper to their home islets? What multiple meanings are invested in the image of ＂ocean＂ during the process? Despite differences in genre, gender of the writer and geopolitics, these two writings both expose the violence and exploitation of these offshore islets by majority groups in the process of modernization and development of capitalism. The repetitive coming close to and getting away from the home islets help the writers to reclaim the lost relations and heritage; but the place they return to is not a single and exclusive genealogy that roots in the ＂land＂, but ＂oceanic subjectivities＂ that keep expanding and include everything.