馬華文學與 （國家） 民族主義：論馬華文學的創傷現代性

Chinese Malaysian Literature and Nationalism: On the Traumatic Modernity of Chinese Malaysian Literature

從馬來亞建國（1957）迄今，馬來西亞華文文學發展了將近50年。但一如華人及華文教育的處境，結構性的問題並沒有改變，一直面對馬來民族主義有形及無形的壓力。尤其建國後馬來人（馬來菁英）成了國家的主人，民族主義更常以愛國主義的面貌呈現，毫不保留的以強勢的同化論要求華人放棄或移易其民族文化認同。馬來知識菁英及國家機器更挾其優勢的資源，全力扶育馬來文學的發展，因而在1971年新經濟政策後，一如馬來人特權、馬來保留地等，馬來文學理所當然的成為國家文學。本文的論點是，在這樣的情況下，馬華文學的現代性只能呈現為形形色色的創傷（諸如不可能的本土性及支離的中國性），而倡議告別國家，重新開始。

Malaysia has gained her independence for about fifty years. Though Chinese Malaysian literature has a 50-year history, like the situation of ethnic Chinese and Chinese education in the country, the structural problem remains unchanged. The obvious and invisible pressure from the Malays and Malay nationalism is still strong. After the Malays became the dominant group of the country after independence, Malay nationalism, in the name of patriotism, turned itself into a strong force of assimilation, urging Chinese Malaysians to give up or transfer their cultural allegiance. The Malay elite and intellectuals as well as the state apparatus have made use of the advantage to help the development of Malay literature. Following the implementation of the New Economic Policy in 1971, Malay privileges and Malay land reservations have been taken for granted, and Malay literature has become the national literature of Malaysia. This paper argues that, under such a condition, the modernity of Chinese Malaysian literature could only be represented as various traumatic experiences (such as the impossible nativeness and the fragmented Chineseness), and hence the suggestion of a departure from nation to search for a new beginning.