從社會投資觀點探析社區產業發展

Social Investment in the Development of Local-based Industries

產業發展一向是社區工作的重點項目之一，從早期的「生產福利建設」，延續至內發型地方產業、地方產業永續機制建構，以及多元就業開發方案，都是著重於建置和發展社區產業，並期待藉由社區產業的活力來創造更多的工作機會與社區利益。近年來，社會企業日益受到各界的重視，許多非營利組織也都跟進這股潮流，社會企業儼然是熱門的實驗題材。社會企業與社區產業有何異同呢？經深入探討，可發現社區產業與社會企業有所不同，但彼此可相互呼應或形成互補。社區產業的建置和發展需要有許多條件，對於範圍小、資源不足，產品和服務需要外界的支持，但社區本身並不一定都具有經營管理的能力，且社區產業有其地域性的特色或限制，經營條件比一般的社會企業更為嚴苛，若貿然從事，或在不清楚在地的條件下，跟隨別人的作法，可能會以挫敗收場，並造成財物上的負擔。本研究彙整40 個社區產業的發展經驗，歸納出可能阻礙發展的三大因素，並提出可具體實施的對策，尤其是著重於永續生計取向作為指引，透過在地資源掃描，建構明確的產業發展模式，找出最有效的發展策略。在社區的資源當中，自然資本、硬體資本、財務資本較易受到既有條件的限制，但人力資本和社會資本卻具有很大的發展潛力，藉助於社會投資的策略，可強化在地的人力和社會資本，形成槓桿作用，而對社區產業產生關鍵作用。

The development of local-based industry has always been the focus of community work. While social enterprises are attracting more and more attention nowadays, many NGOs follow and delve in this trend as well. The development of local-based industry is restricted very often because of its small scale, limited resources and lack of management capabilities. Based on a review of 40 local-based industries, this study generalizes the factors, which hinder the development of the industries, into three categories. Moreover, addressing to the three hindrance factors, effective strategies are proposed in this study, following the guidance of sustainable livelihood orientation. Among all the community resources, usually natural, physical and financial capitals are restricted most. Therefore, this study recommends investing more on human and social capitals strategically as leverage.