國家蒐集集會遊行資料的憲法界限：德國聯邦憲法法院「巴伐利亞邦集遊法部分暫停適用」裁定之反思

Constitutional Boundaries of State's Data Collection in Assembly and Parade:Using German Federal Constitutional Court's Decision on Temporary and Partial Suspension of Bavarian Assembly Act as Reflection

資訊隱私權與集會遊行自由皆被定位為憲法基本權利之類型：人民就其個人資料有揭露、知悉且控制其使用之權；同時，人民得以集會或遊行的方式，表達意見並宣揚理念、訴求，惟上述基本權利均非不得以法律予以適當限制，觀諸警察職權行使法第9條賦予警察得基於維護公益之目的，透過公權力之行使，於集會遊行期間強制蒐集個人資料之規範，除可能限制個人資料自主控制之資訊隱私權外，對於人民集會遊行自由之行使亦有帶來「寒蟬效應」之危機，因此，國家於集會遊行中的資料蒐集行為與上述基本權利之保障，應如何妥適權衡折衝，展現在法律層次之具體規範要件中，誠屬考驗。德國聯邦憲法法院於2009年2月17日就巴伐利亞邦集會遊行法所引發是否牴觸德國基本法之爭議作成之裁定（1 BvR 2492/08）中，宣告2008年公布施行之巴伐利亞邦集會遊行法部分條文暫時停止適用，理由之一即認為該法擴張集會遊行資料蒐集職權之規定有牴觸德國基本法所保障資訊自決權與集會遊行自由的疑慮，並就國家公權力在集會遊行中蒐集資料應謹守的分際，有精彩的論述，深具參考價值。本文即以其為借鏡，反思我國警察集會遊行資料蒐集以及其後續之處理、利用，究應遵循何種憲法界限，期得作為我國未來相關理論與法制發展之參考。

The right of information privacy and the freedom of assembly and parade have been considered as indispensable fundamental rights of the Constitution: people have the right to decide whether or not to disclose their personal information, and also the right to know and control how their personal information will be used. In addition, people can express opinions and advocate ideas by means of assembly and parade. Nevertheless, State may impose appropriate restrictions on above rights by enacting unambiguous law. As stated in Act. 9 of Police Power Exercise Act, based on public interest, police has the power to collect participants' data during assemblies and parades. This compelled data collection behavior not only invades self-control right of personal information but also causes ＂chilling effect＂ while exercising the freedom of assembly and parade. Therefore, how to achieve a proper balance between State's data collection behavior in assembly and parade, and personal data protection through the elem ents of regulation is a challenge. German Federal Constitutional Court made a decision on February 17, 2009, about whether Bavarian Assembly Act conflicts with the German Basic Law (1 BvR 2492/08). It states that the application for a temporary injunction in the matter of the Bavarian Assembly Act succeeds in part. One of the reasons is that Bavarian Assembly Act expands the limit of data collection by authority was considered as discordance with the information determination right that is protected by German Basic Laws. The Court further made an excellent discussion over the boundaries of personal data collection in assembly and parade by State powers, which has great reference value. This article will use this case as a model to reflect what constitutional boundaries police should abide by when collecting personal data in assembly and parade, and the subsequent process of these data, expecting to serve as the model of future relevant researches and legal system developments of Taiwan.