論美國憲法中的行政組織法定原則

On the American Constitutional Principle that Administrative Office Should be Established by Law

美國獨立革命超越了普通法傳統，提出了行政組織法定原則，但並非基於依法行政的需要，而是防止政治腐敗。立法對於行政組織的設置享有細密的規範權力，排除了組織法事項的“行政保留”，但是憲法確立的總統領導責任構成了對國會寬泛的組織設置許可權的制約。法院在裁判中不只維護了憲法的分權原則，案例法也成為美國行政組織法的重要淵源。我國行政組織法學研究同樣需要某種憲政視野和思路。

The American Revolution transcends the legal tradition of common law and generates the doctrine of statutory administrative bureaucracy, which is not aiming at rule of law, but to prevent from the political corruption. The Congress alone has a broad and exclusive power to create and specify the details of the administrative bureaucracy. However, the presidential leadership which is set up by constitution makes up a check on that broad power. By giving judgement, the judicial branch also plays a positive role in maintaining the check and balance. Therefore the case law becomes an important legal resource of the organic law of administrative bureaucracy. Likewise, our research on organic law of administrative bureaucracy should also be conducted under some constitutional perspective.