當代離散：差異政治與共群倫理

Contemporary Diaspora: Difference Politics and Community Ethics

在全球化多元與流動文化的情境下，「離散」一詞更顯歧義與爭議──特別是當我們將其置放於當代生命「差異政治」與「共群倫理」的交織系譜論述時。有別於傳統離散，當代離散有其新型態的結構複雜性、高度流動性與內部矛盾性，也正在世界各地族裔間生成「來臨人民」（thecoming people）的新形態欲望機器部署與連接。緣此，若當代離散主體意欲形塑並佔有此種「來臨」的特定文化範疇與發言位置，可經由一種「生成他者」的（becoming-Other）政治與倫理「協商」來達成。此種「政治－－倫理」的協商結構，必須有能力面對與處理當代離散底蘊不斷繁衍生長的矛盾拉扯欲望：一方面當離散主體恐懼被約化納編於多樣整體時，會渴望與整體保持一定程度的批判與距離；另一方面在此多樣分離中，卻又渴望與「他者」維繫一定程度的親密與友善關係。本文將借用德勒茲／瓜達希與列維納斯的洞見，探討二十一世紀離散生命的差異政治、共群倫理以及兩者「協商空間」內不斷交織生產的欲望結構與具體現象。

One controversial concept that contemporary debates on difference politics and community ethics have spotlighted and thereby influenced contemporary cultural criticism is the re-vision of diaspora. Unlike traditional diaspora, contemporary diaspora tends to be structured by complex configurations, high mobility, and internal contradictions. It has contributed greatly to the ongoing desiring machine disposition of “the coming people” due to its structural invention and promises of “becoming-Other.” Yet, if diasporic subjectivity is structured to articulate a normative position to come, it should be “negotiated” between politics and ethics. Such an ethico-political desiring structure must be able to cope with contemporary paradoxical double desires of the diasporic subject per se—the fear of totality being transformed into a desire for separation as the infinite rupture of totality while, at the same time, separation being a desire for the very possibility of intimate relationships with the Other. By using Deleuze and Guattari’s political theory and Levinas’s ethical theory, this paper explores the “negotiated space” of contemporary diasporic double desires as well as its structure and examples in terms of difference politics and communal ethics in the 21th century.