透視達達的本質－－由公案禪悟論達達的藝術精神

Probing into the Nature of Dada-Investigating the Artistic Spirit of Dada through Zen's Public Cases

第一次世界大戰對歐洲形成毀滅陸的影響，帶來強烈的挫折和失序的徬徨。一群年輕藝術家決定置身事外，以荒謬的藝術表現形式，表達他們對於傳統藝術的厭倦，這個運動取名為：「達達」。1916年在瑞士蘇黎士成立的達達，與戰爭的關係確實密不可分，它經常被視為是一種在戰爭暴力的特殊環境下所形成對戰爭反動的藝術。但是，這種把達達單純視為「因戰爭而誕生」的說法，顯然有些不足而受限。達達是一種「處在極度絕望境地時，對生活本質的深刻體悟」。在經歷了戰爭的生死交迫和理性的奮力掙扎之後，才終於發現由理性思維所建構出來的世界，只是海市蜃樓；真實生活本身乃是徹底充滿混亂與衝突的大雜燴。拒絕接受生活事實，而去追逐遙不可及的理想世界，只會讓我們疲於奔命。所以達達拒絕所有理性的二元分化，它不主張，也不堅持，接受所有的對立與矛盾，力求返回原始純粹的空無狀態。這個「空無」，不但讓達達徹底顛覆傳統，更在心靈上獲得完全的自由。它與東方禪學裡「放下執著、返回空無」的思維如出一轍。因此，本文試圖透過禪學思維對西方文化特質的剖析，探究達達嘲諷一切、故意表現無理性行為背後的深層意義，進而掌握達達隱藏在荒謬的藝術表現形式之下的精神特質。首先，剖析「西方文化意識的本質與危機」；進而透過禪學公案的角度，探討戰爭對於達達的意義與作用；最後透過東方禪學思維的闡釋，歸結出達達「瓦解自我，返回空無」的根本精神。冀能深入理解達達「拒絕主張」的藝術態度，清楚掌握其「回歸生活本質」的創作需求。

The destructive impact of World War I brought strong sense of failure and disordered uncertainty to the Europe. A group of young artists decided to stay out of the wars, and express their boredom with traditional arts with a ridiculous artistic expression pattern. This movement was named ”Dada”. Dada, established in Zurich of Switzerland in 1916, was indeed closely related to wars, and it tended to be viewed as a kind of anti-war art formed in the unique environment of wars and violence. However, this statement which simply viewed Dada as ”formed due to wars” was apparently insufficient and restricted. Dada is ”a profound understanding towards the nature of life in an extremely desperate situation”. After experiencing the life-and-death of wars and the rational struggle, Dada at last realizes that the world constructed by rational thoughts was originally a mirage and the real life itself was still completely a mixture of chaos and conflicts. Refusing accepting facts of life and pursuing for the unreachable ideal world could only make people feel drained by demands. Therefore, Dada denies all rational binary divisions, and does not advocate, insist on, and accept all oppositions and contradictions, but strive for returning to the original state of pure emptiness. The ”emptiness” not only made Dada completely overturn the tradition, but also enabled the spirit to obtain the complete freedom. This kind of thought is much the same with the laying down obsession and returning to emptiness of oriental Zen. Therefore, this paper aims to analyze the Western cultural characteristics through Zen thoughts, and investigates the profound meaning behind the ironic and irrational behaviors expressed by Dada artists to further grasp the spiritual characteristics hidden in the ridiculous artistic expression patterns of Dada. Firstly, it investigates the ”nature and crisis of western cultural awareness”. Next, it analyzes the meanings and functions of wars to Dads through the perspective of Zen's Public Cases. Lastly, its proposes that the basic spirit of Dada is the ”self-collapse and returning to emptiness” through the interpretation of Zen thoughts. I hope that the attitude of ”refusing to advocate anything” of Dada could be deeply understood, and its artistic requirement of ”returning to the nature of life” could be clearly grasped.