臺灣海洋經濟的產業關聯變化與群聚效果

A Study on the Linkages and Cluster Effect of the Taiwan Ocean Sector

臺灣乃貿易依存度極高的國家，在海運、造船與漁業的發展曾寫下輝煌紀錄。本文採用投入產出法，利用橫跨20 年產業關聯資料，透過向前關聯及向後關聯程度（影響度及感應度）、以及產量、所得、就業乘數等指標，探討臺灣海洋產業在國家經濟中的角色，以及產業關聯程度顯現之群聚以及相互依存關係。本文發現，臺灣海洋產業呈現較高的向後關聯效果，與較低向前關聯程度。從長期動態角度來審視，由投入產出的結構所呈現的樣貌可以發現：首先，水運輔助服務業可以被視海洋經濟中的關鍵產業。其次，造船業、國內貨物運輸部門亦被視為向後產業關聯導向產業。值得注意的是國際貨物運送業，其產值比重乃海洋經濟中之重要者，具向後產業關聯導向的產業的發展潛力。在漁業相關部門，如水產養殖、遠洋漁業、沿海漁業，其產業關聯的重要性則與時俱退，屬較弱的產業關聯產業。此外，相較1991 年與2011 年產業群聚現象，跨期結果反映與海洋產業相互依存產業差異頗大，點出20 年來臺灣產業結構變化。最後，依產出、所得與就業乘數效果探討海洋經濟對整體經濟的影響，以就業乘數較佳。

Taiwan,s economy is highly dependent on international trade. In order to examine the linkage between the Taiwan ocean sector and the national economy, this paper employs an input-output and hierarchical cluster analysis to study the Taiwan ocean sector over the last two decades. The analysis explores the economic development changing trends of Taiwan's ocean sector, and the industrial interdependence and cluster in Taiwan. This paper found that as the ocean industries have a higher backward linkage effect and a lower forward linkage effect. From a long-term dynamic viewpoint, one can see that the marine transportation support service is considered as a key industry in the ocean sector. The shipbuilding industry and the domestic freight transportation industry are considered as one of the backward linkages oriented industries. It is noteworthy that the international freight transportation industry has the potential to be a backward linkage oriented industry because its output is the largest compared to the other industries of the ocean sector. The fishery related industry, such as aquaculture, deep-sea fisheries and coastal fisheries, are considered as weak linkages oriented industries and their importance of inter-industry linkage effect are on the decline with the times. This study also discusses production multipliers, earning effects and employment multipliers in the ocean sector, and it is found that employment multipliers have the greatest impact on the Taiwan economy.