從山崎到占婆的功德天女神信仰

The Buddhist Belief of Goddess Lakṣmī in Sanchi Stūpa and Champa

山崎是最早見有功德天女神造像的佛教遺址之一。早期佛經記載功德天女神的信仰，都與其具有滋生草木、使人富饒，甚至救濟眾生的力量有關。但我們注意到，西藏的文獻在提到功德天女神的信仰時，都說其有護持政權及國家的作用。筆者為了說明山崎大塔的功德天女神也具有護持轉輪王及國家的作用，用9世紀末期占婆王因陀羅跋摩第二所提唱的功德天女神信仰及造像證明此說。由於山崎及占婆因陀羅跋摩第二所發展的佛教性質及造像，還有被學者誤解的情形，筆者在此文中因此也要花費相當的篇幅談論山崎及占婆的佛教信仰性質及造像。

The Buddhist image of goddess Lakṣmī might have first appeared in the Sanchi Stūpa, for so far she is not seen in any of the earlier Buddhist sites in Asia. She is often regarded as the goddess of wealth or fertility because she is thus depicted in the early Buddhist texts. But we notice that she was also regarded as the protector of Dalai Lamas in the Tibetan tradition, the kings of ancient Khotan, and King Indravarman II of the Champa kingdom established in the late 9^(th) century in ancient Vietnam. This paper investigates the nature of goddess Lakṣmī of the Sanchi Stūpa. By mainly investigating the belief of the goddess which was promoted by Indravarman II in Champa kingdom, we find that the goddess was taken as a protector of the cakravartin, or the builder of the Sanchi Stūpa.