魏晉南北朝時代的「獠族」與西南土著社會的變遷

The Liao of the Wei-chin Southern and Northern Dynasties as Well as the Transformation of the Southwestern Aboriginal Society

一般認為獠族是東晉南朝境內主要的土著族群之一。史籍關於獠族的記載，最早見於西晉張華的《博物志•異俗篇》，以及同時代的陳壽在《三國志•蜀書•霍峻傳》、《益部耆舊傳》中的片段記載。東晉以後，關於獠族的記載逐漸增多，獠族的勢力急速的擴張起來。成漢末年李壽引進大量的獠人入蜀，獠人勢力更擴張成為南北政權棘手的問題。然而，由於獠人缺乏嚴密的政治社會組織，以致被各個擊破，最後淪為被編民化、賤隸化的命運。史籍對獠族的族源並沒有清楚的交待，僅含糊其詞地記載：「獠者，蓋南蠻之別種」。近代學者對獠族族屬問題的討論，都以史籍所載獠族之習俗，與其他地域相近之族群相比較而推論，然而近代族群理論研究，已指出族群並不是一個被特定文化界定的人群孤島，以特定文化特徵來追溯一個社會人群的族屬，有其困境。今日中國的西南地區，可說是中國民族分布最複雜的地區，古代西南地區族群分布必然也是如此。因此近來學者逐漸傾向認為，不論獠族初始涵意為何，在獠族坐大之後，獠的概念隨著大幅擴散與轉變，使得獠逐漸成為西南各土著族群的一種泛稱。獠人最早出現於史籍約在蜀漢統治期間，而獠人興起並進入蜀地擴大勢力，則在成漢統治時期，這應是蜀漢與成漢政權對西南地區的統治，激起當地族群之間的互動，連帶產生新的族群情勢與族群認識所致。這種新的族群情勢與族群認識進一步的發展，即導致獠族勢力更加坐大，西南地區各種非漢族群都被納入獠族勢力，原本可能只是被包涵於濮人之中的獠人，逐漸取代濮人成為西南各土著族群的一種泛稱。

It is generally considered that the Liao was one of the main aboriginal ethnic groups in the territory of the Tong-chin Southern Dynasty. Nevertheless, according to the study, the Liao itself was not a specific ethnic group, but a general term for each of the southwestern aboriginal ethnic groups at that time. It was around during the period of the Shu-han sovereignty that the term Liao first appeared in the historical records, while it was during the period of the Cheng-han sovereignty that the Liao rose and moved into the Shu territory to broaden its power as well. Indeed, coming along with the aroused mutual interaction among the local ethnic groups, under the ruling of the Shu-han and Cheng-han sovereignties over the southwestern areas, a new ethnic situation and recognition appeared then. With the further development of the new ethnic relationship and recognition, the Liao's power was getting stronger and a variety of non-han ethnic groups in the southwestern districts were all within its domain. Before the rise of the Liao, each of the southwestern ethnic groups was generally termed the Pu people. Afterwards, with the Liao's rise, the Liao people, originally belonging to the Pu people, gradually replaced the Pu people to become the general term of the southwestern aboriginal ethnic groups accordingly.