電子數據搜查、扣押的法律規制

Legal Regulation on Search and Seizure of Electronic Data

我國2012年修正的《刑事訴訟法》將電子數據增列為證據的法定種類，這要求我國刑事訴訟法學界對電子數據的相關問題，如電子證據的搜查與扣押，出示與質證，審查判斷等問題進行深入研究。與傳統證據相比，電子數據具有以下四大特徵：存儲內容的海量性、形態的易變性、變動的可察覺性以及內容的難以直接感知性。電子數據的以上特徵對電子數據的搜查、扣押提出了更加嚴格的要求：首先，在搜查、扣押之前，偵查機關必須申請司法機關簽發令狀；在搜查、扣押過程中，無論是對電子設備的搜查、扣押還是此後對電子設備中存儲的電子數據的進一步搜查，都必須受到令狀原則有關合理根據和特定性要求的約束。其次，偵查機關搜查、扣押電子數據之後，必須允許辯護方對被搜查、扣押的電子數據進行查看、審查和複製，從而防止偵查機關濫用權力，保護辯護方的合法權利。另外，為保障電子數據的客觀性和原始性，還必須建立嚴密的證據保管鏈制度。我國在以上方面都存在嚴重問題，在有些方面甚至完全空白，立法機關在未來修正《刑事訴訟法》時必須進行完善與重構。

The Criminal Procedure Law amended in 2012 added electronic data to the types of evidence admitted by law, which requires the criminal procedural law academics to conduct an intensive study on the relevant issues about electronic data, such as search and seizure, introduction and cross examination, review and judgment of electronic data. Compared with traditional evidences, electronic data has four major characteristics as follows: capacity of massive storage, volatility of form, detectability of alteration and difficulty of perception. The above characteristics raise strict requirements on the search and seizure of electronic data. Firstly, investigation organs must get the warrants issued by judicial organs before search and seizure, besides, no matter the search aimed at electronic devices, or the search aimed at electronic data stored in the electronic devices, it should be bound by the probable cause requirement and particularity requirement of the writ principle. Secondly ,in order to protect the legal rights of the defendants and to prevent the investigation power being abused, the investigation organs must offer opportunities for the defendants to check, examine and copy electronic data after search and seizure. Thirdly, for the sake of objectivity and originality of the electronic data, rigorous system of custody chain must be established. There exist serious problems in all of the above aspects, and even deficiency in some aspects in our system. The legislation organ must reform and reconstruct the relevant system in the future.