媒體災難敘事的社會意義建構：日本福島核災的戲劇分析

The Construction of Social Meaning in Disaster Narratives of Mass Media: Dramaturgical Analysis of Fukushima Nuclear Disaster in Japan

現代人對災難的理解相當程度依賴大眾媒體的敘事報導，因此大眾媒體的災難報導影響了相關的社會溝通模式及內涵，也影響著民眾面對災難的態度。就這意義而言，媒體的災難敘事不僅只是訊息的告知，更是建構災難之意義圖像的社會行動。此外，媒體敘事也引發許多其他的社會行動，如民間團體及民眾捐款活動等，這些活動反過來創造出更多的敘事題材。針對這個有高度自反性的多元敘事報導，戲劇理論提供了一個很好的觀察切入點，讓我們看到現代社會面對災難時是如何建構災難圖像，又如何溝通出因應之道。本研究以二○一一年日本福島核災為例，透過分析臺灣平面媒體對此災變的報導，指出媒體相關的多元敘事交織出一齣戲劇，並應用戲劇理論說明臺灣如何建構一個發生於他處的災難圖像並賦予其社會意義。分析顯示，災難是現代社會中少數能透過媒體激發出集體「共在感」的重要因素。並且研究也由災難敘事的戲劇分析進一步說明現代媒體自身也可能是一種製造風險來源的理由。

Disaster narratives of mass media essentially influence the ways of social communication and, thus, the public attitude toward disasters. This means that disaster narratives represent not only messages, but also social actions which construct a social meaning frame for understanding the disasters. Besides, these narratives of mass media could evoke other social actions, like those of some civil organizations or the public donation etc. These reflexively create more issues for media reports. Regarding the reflexive characteristic of disaster narratives, the theory of social dramaturgy provides us a good standpoint to understand how we could face the disasters and how we shall understand them. This study focuses on the Fukushima Nuclear Disaster in 2011 and analyses the related reports in the Taiwanese newspapers. By dramaturgical theory, I shall show how the various disaster narratives form a social drama, and how they construct a social meaning frame. It shows that disaster is one of a few issues which promote the collective existence of ”communitas”.