分裂國家與國際法

Divided Nations under International Law

分裂國家並不是傳統國際法的一般用語，而是二次世界大戰後出現的一種特殊狀況。由於分裂國家分裂雙方（或一方）以結束國家分裂為其目標，不時宣示其為該國之唯一合法政府，並於法理上涵蓋其實際上未能有效控制之另一法律與政治實體管轄下之領域，即分裂雙方（或一方）對其從未行使有效管轄權之區域仍然堅稱擁有主權，而主權問題乃成為分裂國家雙方關係正常推展與對外關係上最為重要因素。亦即，事實上已完全分離的兩個獨立國家，卻仍堅持其為一個國家的兩個政府，且各獲得一定國家的承認。分裂國家的事例包括越南、德國、韓國、葉門等，其中越南和葉門在一定時期後以武力消滅一方，使得分裂國家的情況不再存在，而在德韓的事例中則是雙方同時加入聯合國，雖然在法律上仍堅持為一國，但等於是不得不默認對方的國家地位，在事實上完全成為兩個獨立國家，只是保留將來兩國統一的可能性而已，其中東西德於1990 年和平完成國家合併。本文除從國際法的法理探討分裂國家的法律地位之外，並將探討台灣是否適用分裂國家。

Divided nations is not a conventional term under traditional international law; instead, it has represented a new special circumstance for nation since WWII. Since a nation that becomes two divided nations (or one divided party against the other) is always purported to end the divided status and therefore both of them (or one of them) from time to time declare that each of them shall be the only legitimate government of the nation of which it intends to extend its sovereign power to cover the other that it is currently unable to have effective control over from a legal sense. However, the problem of sovereignty is always the most important factor for a divided nation to develop normal relationship with the counterpart and foreign nations. That is to say, why those per se totally separated nations are claimed insistently to be two government fighting for the representative of a country and such claim is surprisingly recognized by numerous states? Several example of divided nations are Vietnam, Germany, Korea and Yemen in which Vietnam and Yemen used its dominant power to annihilate the existence of the counterpart within a specific period in order to end the divided status; while in the case of Germany and Korea in which both divided powers jointly participated in the United Nations as two independent states though they are far from giving up the opportunity to reunite together in the future. The east and west Germany has united together peacefully during 1990s. This article, in addition to shedding light on the legal status of divided nations under international law, is also aimed at discussing whether Taiwan shall applies the regime of divided nations.