商業華語拒絕言語行為之認知原型與框架

The Prototype and Cognitive Frame of Refusal Speech Act in Business Chinese

本實驗之目的在探求商業華語中拒絕行為的原型，從範疇與框架理論的觀點來看語用學中典型的言語行為。首先，我們透過問卷一40名商業人士的回答中證明拒絕言語行為範疇的存在，且拒絕範疇成員有家族相似性，拒絕範疇的邊界有模糊性，拒絕範疇成員間又有不同的典型性，而其範疇原型是較不公開策略中的外在阻因。各式拒絕策略、範疇成員，會依據與原型的家族相似性和使用頻率排列成一個連續體，並構成一個邊界模糊的認知範疇。其次，本文在問卷二中加入性別、社會地位兩因素後，發現不僅該範疇成員改變，同時成員的典型性也隨之改變。本研究另一重點是嘗試建立商業拒絕言語行為的框架，其框架元素包括「要求者」、「拒絕者」、「拒絕策略」與「情境」。建議情境使用具體外在阻因及提供建議、選擇策略，在要求情境時採用表示遺憾道歉與具體外在阻因策略，邀請的情境時，選用表示遺憾道歉和具體外在阻因策略，在提供的情境時則用否定要求與具體外在阻因策略。最後，本文希望將認知與華語教學結合，利用原型理論來教商業華語中語用知識，冀望讓學生的語言更準確有禮。

This paper investigates one of the most complicated speech acts in pragmatics－refusals from the view of Prototype Theory. Through a study of 40 Chinese busi-nessmen and two Discourse Completion Test, we confirm the existence of refusal category where the hub is Indentify external impeding event/state and other mem-bers extend radially in compliance with the family resemblance/After adding social status and sex factors in the second questionnaire, we found that the membership and prototypicality of category members changes. In addition, this dynamic feature of the refusal category is reflected in its cognitive frame. The intention to refuse activates the refusal frame, and different context serves as basis for choosing different refusal formulas. It is hoped that the findings in this study will accelerate the research on cognitive pragmatics and function as the theoretical knowledge for business Chinese teaching.