私法上之“身份”溯源－－羅馬法中身份制度的現代解讀

The Status that Never Escaped-- Research on the History of the Kinship Status

以親屬關係為中心的身份關係須在民法典中進行恰當的立法表達，由此，對私法上乃至民法上的身份關係和身份權利的理論整理就成為必要。對作為私法上身份制度源頭的羅馬法中的身份制度進行現代解讀，能夠為私法中身份制度的範疇劃定和準確定位提供必要的歷史背景。羅馬法通過提煉自然人的自然要素和某些社會要素作為判別身份的標準，構建了自己的身份制度；而後又通過身份要素與主體制度之間的互動關係，以公私混合的身份標誌對自然人進行類型化，從而有序地組織起古代奴隸制高度繁榮的商品社會。追溯羅馬法中的身份制度，並分析其成因，使我們能夠清晰地了解到私法上身份的要素、功能及其與主體之間曾經的關係，為我們描摹身份要素隨著社會的發展而進行的分化與演變提供清晰的脈絡，從而為私法上身份關係的理論研究和立法表達奠定良好的基礎。

For expressing the status relationship which concerns the kindred exactly in a legal way in the civil code, it is necessary to clean up theories of status relationship and status rights in private law or civil law. Studying on the status system of Roman law in modern ways, we not only have known what was the private status system, but also have known the essentials of civil status. Both natural and social factors were used to build the status system in Roman law. Then by using the relationships of civil subjects and status, they typecast civil subject and endow them with different rights and obligations. In this way, Roman people organized the high developed slavery trade economy. We will be convinced the history and the essentials of the status by studying on the status system of Roman law. Thus we shall unscramble the private status system exactly and make a good foundation for our studies to the status of private law.