自然人民事行為能力欠缺制度之緩和路徑研究－－基於比較法視野下的觀察和思考

A Comparative Study on the Approaches of the Mitigation of the Fallacy of Natural Person’s Capacity of Civil Conduct

民事行為能力欠缺制度的緩和在本質上是對民事行為能力制度的局限性的克服。立法者依據抽象的年齡標準將自然人的意思能力進行了一般固定和類型切分，構建了類型化的民事行為能力制度。並基於消極保護的思想規定了意思能力（行為能力）欠缺者的行為效力，漠視了其所存留的自由意志，湮沒了民法的人文精神。對此，各國不得不通過立法、司法等手段來緩和僵硬的行為能力欠缺制度的效力規定。我國現行法對緩和條件的具體列舉存在明顯缺漏，亟須對兩大法系中有代表性的緩和路徑展開比較研究。建議未來的中國民法典在完善既有相關規定的基礎上，增加日常生活行為條款、營業條款、零花錢條款等具體的行為能力欠缺制度的緩和條件。

Inherently the mitigation measures of the capacity for civil conduct are to overcome the drawbacks with it. Mental capacity is standardized by age, and the classification of the capacity for civil conduct can be constructed. But such classified legal system is not perfect; because it stipulates the legal effect of the civil conduct from a negative attitude, as well as it overlooks the free willing of persons who have difficulties with their mental capacity. As far as relevant Chinese law is concerned, the concrete conditions of the legal mitigation listed are limited. It is necessary to do comparative studies on the typical mitigated means between the different legal families for us. In this paper, the author suggests the future Civil Code aggrandize the articles of conducts of daily life, of business, of pocket money, and so on.