物權行為無因性原則

The Abstract Nature Alternation of the Act of Real Right

買賣契約有效成立，買賣標的物之所有權何時移轉？買賣契約無效或被撤銷，買賣標的物所有權之移轉是否受影響？這是物權法上的基本問題。1980年4月1日訂立於奧地利維也納的《聯合國國際貨物銷售合同公約》，對此問題，原則上不採取立場，而由各國自行決定。但歐洲民法呼之欲出，這個問題再度成為討論的焦點。我國臺灣地區學者通說，認為臺灣地區是繼受德國的物權行為無因性原則。本文從法史學與法律比較學的觀點，分析比較歐陸各國的民法，發現我國臺灣地區“民法”第758條、第761條第1項前段之規定與《瑞士民法》第656條第1項、第714條第1項之規定較接近，而與《德國民法》第873條第1項、第929條之規定較不同。換言之，在立法層面，我國臺灣地區“民法”與《瑞士民法》較接近；但我國台灣地區學者通說傾向採用德國的物權行為無因性原則，可謂為“學說繼受”。本文分析比較各國的民法，發現德國的物權行為無因性原則最符合買受人與出賣人訂立買賣契約的真意，而且較能保護交易安全，優點最多，故建議臺灣地區“民法”修改改採德國的物權行為無因性原則。

When is the time of transferring of the ownership of the object after the sale contract has taken effect? Will the validity of transferring the ownership of the object be affected by the invalidity or revocation of the sale contract? It is the basic problem of real rights. The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods signed on April 1,1980 holds no views on this issue in principle but let it be resolved by each country respectively instead. However, with the coming legislation of the civil laws in Europe as well as that of the Law of Real Right in China, this issue will become again the focus of discussion. The general sentiment of our scholars holds that the principle of abstract nature alternation of real right in our country has inherited from that in German laws. The aspect adopted hereof is from the legal historiography and comparative jurisprudence to analyze and compare the civil laws in European countries, and what we have observed is that Article 758 and the former part of Article 761. 1 of Civil Law of R. O. C are similar to Article 656. 1 and Article 714. 1 of Civil Law of Swiss but less similar to Article 873. 1 and Article 929 of that of Germany. In other words, in terms of legislation, the Civil Law of R. O. C is similar to that of Swiss. On the contrary, however, the general sentiment adopted by our scholars tends to adopt the concept of “principle of abstract nature alternation of real right” inherited from Germany; which can be called “Theory Inheritance”. Comparing respective civil laws of different countries herein, we discover the principle of abstract nature of real right in German law could coincide best with the intentions of parties to a sale contract, provide better protection for the transaction safety, and has the most advantages. Therefore, we suggest amending the law with the principle of abstract nature of real right.