再生利用與競爭政策－－以再生利用指針為中心

在日本，促進回收再利用的法律框架迅速得到了強化。在眾多成文法中，2001年的家用電器再利用法案讓銷售商和製造商擔負起收集和再利用家用電器廢棄物的義務。在履行這些義務時，企業家們可能會從事一些限制性的活動，而這些活動是與禁止限制競爭的反壟斷法相背離的。各國對於為了保護環境而限制競爭的態度是不同的。在美國，法院、司法部和F T C對於這些限制從來沒有給予過特別考慮。德國聯邦卡特爾辦公室有時為了採取措施保護環境，允許對競爭進行限制。在EC/EU，歐洲委員會會把限制競爭的“失”和保護環境的“得”相比較，如果“得”大於“失”且這種限制對於所得必不可少，委員會會允許這些限制的存在。2001年日本公平交易委員會宣布了關於回收再利用合作的指導方針。這些指導方針更加寬松。比如，在這些指導方針下，即使限制性合作對於構建回收再利用休系並非必要，也可能被允許。這些指導方針需要得到進一步強化。隨著與環境相關的市場的擴大和迅速發展，關於“環境與競爭”綜合指導方針的建立也應該提上議事日程。

The legal framework for promotion of recycling has been rapidly reinforced in Japan. Among many Statutes, the Home Appliances Recycling Act of 2001 imposes duties to collect and recycle wastes from home a ppliances on distributors and producers. In fulfilling these duties, the entrepreneurs might engage in restrictive practices contrary to Antimonopoly Act which prohibits restraints of competition. The attitudes of the authorities towards restraints of competition for environmental protection are different. In the United States, the courts, the Department of Justice and the FTC do not give any special considerations to such restraints. The Federal Cartel Office of Germany sometimes excises its discretion to permit restraints of competition for the virtue of environmental protection. In EC/EU, the European Committee compares the vice of restraint of competition with the virtue of environmental protection and permits the restraints when the latter exceeds the former and the restraint is indispensable for the virtue. In 2001, the Fair Trade Commission of Japan announced the Guideiines Concerning Cooperation for Recycling. These Guideiines are more tolerant. Under these Guideiines, for example, restrictive Cooperation might be permitted when they are not indispensable for creation of the System of recycling. The Guideiines need to be reinforced. Since the markets relating to environment are expanding and growing rapidly, comprehensive guideiines concerning the whole matters of “Environment and Competition” should be established.