中國人權模式研究

THE CHINESE MODEL OF HUMAN RIGHTS

西方國家經常批評中國政府對公民權利的保障不足，特別是對於言論自由、思想自由和宗教自由。作為回應，中國政府會指出其在經濟和社會權利方面取得的巨大成就，特別是對於扶貧、醫療、住房和教育的投入。為了將中國政府人權政策整合成便於討論和比較的範式，本文先分析政府白皮書和官方陳詞，然後通過集體主義、唯物主義和主權主義這三個特性來界定“中國人權模式”。接下來，本文使用三個思想上中立的基準來檢驗該模式是否正當：效益性、合法性和相容性。通過對比同一發展階段的自由主義國家，本文論證該模式的績效超過平均水平，因此具有效益上的正當性。通過評估指控該模式違反國際法的案件的勝訴可能性，本文主張其也具有法律上的正當性。不過，本文發現中國的人權本土化主張與其人權的世界普遍適用理想難以相容。因此，論文的大部分內容致力於分析中國人權模式能否與人權概念的相容問題。本文指出，由於認識論上相持，世界人 權宣言同時接受了自由主義和社會主義對人權的觀點。因此，中國人權模式雖然 同自然權利論難以相容，但仍能同國際上廣為接受的人權內涵相容。這也意味著，中國人權模式有哲學上的正當性。最後，本文進一步探討了以下問題：中國人權模式能否具有國際影響力，中國政治體系將來能否自由化，如何將中西方的人權模式加以調和，等等。

Although plenty of studies and reports have been written on the subject of Chinese human rights from liberal and socialist perspectives, their common weakness is that they are colored with ideological assumptions that will be disputed by the opposite side. Their evaluation of Chinese human rights is thus incapable of bringing about a meeting of minds between the liberal West and socialist China. In particular, liberal and socialist writers disagree ideologically on what primarily defines us as human beings, which leads to diverging interpretations of how the rights of human beings are supposed to be implemented in practice. Liberal writers define human beings through free will and rational thought which leads to greater emphasis on rights related to an individual's mind (mainly CPR), while socialist writers define them through their social relations and their material living conditions, leading to greater emphasis on rights that improve the social and material environment (mainly ESCR). The consequence of this ideological division is that Western liberals and Chinese socialists are essentially talking past each other when it comes to human rights.