近代中國“民權”內涵演變考論：從維新到革命的話語轉換

Research on the Development of “ Minquan” in Modem China: Discourse Transformation from Reform to Revolution

當代學者對近代的“民權”概念頗多誤讀。康有為等人是在與綱常名教相對的話語場景中使用“民權” 一詞，主要針對“三綱”，表達普遍的個人自主性為正當的觀念。康派“民權”的核心和根底是“人人自主之權”，由此基點進一步向公領域延展，才突破了傳統民本思想的局限，構築出一個以“民”為國家權力本源的公共秩序新圖譜。承繼康派“民權”精神的革命派，則主要是在東方與西方、民眾與君主、漢人與滿人的話語結構中使用“民權”，他們關於“民權”之正當性和必要性的論證範式，不僅可能侵害了個人自主觀念的社會基礎，也導致了民權之內在核心價值的消散。

The concept of Minquan is much more misunderstood by the contemporary scholars. Compared with the traditional ideas, Kang Youwei and his colleagues used Minquan to express generally personal autonomy as the legitimate concept. So “everyone’s autonomy” is the core and basis of Kang’ Minquan, and it breaks through the limitation of traditional people-based thought, building up a new blueprint of public order in which the legitimacy of state power is originated from people. The revolutionaries who inherited the spirit of Kang’ Minquan are mainly using Minquan in the discourse structure of east & west, people & monarch, Hans & Manchu. Their arguments for the legitimacy and necessity of Minquan not only could infringe upon the social basis of individual autonomy concept, but also weaken the core value significance.