國家資本主導的中國農村發展與村落原子化困境

Government Failure, Poverty of Social Capital, and the Atomization of China’s Rural Villages

農村是中國共產黨政權發展與穩固的基礎，而城鄉均衡發展也一直是其現代化過程中一直被強調的重點。然而，其透過國家介入、規模化經營、市場競爭三合一的農村發展模式，卻造成社會力發展遲滯的後果。缺乏社會力參與治理與自主發展能力的農村，最明顯的問題就是其對於國家扶助的過分依賴，以及國家引進市場力量後所造成的階級剝削及貧富差距擴大，導致其維持社會穩定的目的不易達成。本研究透過歷史資料的檢視以及實證調查，指出中國農村的發展中所形成的「強國家、弱農民，農民不能」現象的癥結，實源於文革結束後，資本主義被引進之初，由於擔心草根組織對政權產生威脅，共產黨刻意以國家資本主導農村發展，壓抑其社會組織，因此造成農村村落原子化、公共生活貧乏、社會資本低度發展的結果。如何在不威脅國家權威的前提下重建草根力量，使其在穩定社會的工作上扮演更積極的角色，是中共無可迴避的挑戰。

Since the beginning of the new century, with the implementation of the policy of developing new socialist rural areas, the Chinese peasants' narrow-mindedness, passiveness and reluctance to collaborate have become one of the most often discussed issues in China concerning the backwardness of rural villages. These features, regarded by many Chinese scholars as the syndrome of rural village atomization, have been designated as the major factors contributing to the slow development of peasants' organizations since 2005, as well as the basis for the rationale to strengthen state intervention and promote the further development of rural enterprises in rural areas. The study points out that the atomization of rural villages is closely connected to social capital. In other words, it is about the fragmentation of social ties within the villages, i.e., the alienation of peasants from the society and state. Given that social ties hinge on social interactions and participation, and that the development of China's rural farms has been for long under state control, this paper starts with an analysis of the institutional changes in which rural villages have been embedded in order to find out which factors have accounted for their atomization. Then, by means of comparative studies on the social interactions within ten of China's inland villages, it assesses the contribution of peasants' organizations to their revitalization.