論規範氣候變遷下跨國公司之人權責任

MNCs’ Responsibility to Protect Human Rights under International Climate Change Legal Regime

根據聯合國政府間氣候變遷專門委員會、政府間組織、非政府組織等多項研究報告指出，由於人為溫室氣體排放過量，進而造成全球暖化及氣候變遷，使目前及未來人類的生活環境劇烈改變。這些改變不僅衝擊國家主權的完整性，也危害個人享有的人權，如生命權、充足食物權、居住權、健康權及生存權等。人為溫室氣體排放量攀升的主要原因，係工業革命、全球化下，國際上主要的經濟行為者－跨國公司－其營業模式推波助瀾的結果所造成。惟跨國公司並非完整的國際法主體，其營業行為的國際性、地位的特殊性，往往造成嚴重的氣候變遷影響進而侵犯人權後，得以規避責任。是以，現行國際氣候變遷法制中，有規範跨國公司的必要性。本文以跨國公司在氣候變遷下，應負擔的人權責任為出發，嘗試自國際人權法、國際經濟法、國際環境法及目前仍在形成的軟法文件中，尋找對跨國公司的氣候變遷人權責任可能的規範方式。本文建議於氣候變化綱要公約下，擬定跨國公司議定書，提升跨國公司的國際法地位，使其與國家共同負責，並於議定書中將跨國公司責任明確化，並處理受氣候變遷影響的人權補償問題。進而期待議定書能使跨國公司於國際活動中，除享受權利外，亦負擔相對應的人權責任。

According to the latest report of IPCC, global warming, due to the human sources of greenhouse gas (GHGs) emission, is unequivocal. States as well as people will be affected or harmed by climate change in multi-faceted dimensions as the integrity of sovereign state, right to life, right to adequate food, right to housing, right to health, and right to live etc.. Yet, international and states’ regulations on climate change has been considered insufficient to deal with the current condition. The reason why those regulations do not work is that the state-centered regulation cannot directly apply to real emitter, multinational corporations (MNCs) , which have caused nearly two thirds of the GHGs since the industrialization. In order to tackle the problem, this article reviews international binding instruments (hard laws) , international non-binding instruments (soft laws) and relevant articles, and come to a solution by means of literature review, critical analysis and legal reasoning. This article argues that MNCs’ responsibility for human right infringement under climate change might be the cornerstone to bring MNCs into structures of global climate change governance, and thus a new Protocol of MNCs is suggested under UNFCCC. With the Protocol, MNCs could no longer shirk the responsibility for causing climate change. Instead, MNCs, with powerful ability, should definitely involve in climate change governance and implement their obligations on protection of human rights.