論民法典法人性質的定位－－法律歷史社會學與法教義學分析

Personhood of Legal Person in future Chinese Civil Code:Perspectives from Historical Sociology of Law and Legal Dogmatism

法人性質的定位是民法典法人立法體系化的理論前提。擬制說以公司為原型，造成了法律對法人的過度控制，戕害了自然人與他人聯合的天然意願，最終反而背離了人本主義。實在說以傳統共同體為原型，保障了個人結社的自治權，但邏輯上排除了國家對法人的調控，而且始終沒有成功論證團體意思的存在。擬制說已不適應法人類型複雜、功能分化、作用突出的現代社會情勢，實在說也需通過法人組織化、程序化的意思形成過程、內部組織設置和權力分配機制的特性來強化其合理性。我國民法典應以實在說為基礎，承認法人是社會行動的基本單位，重點規範法人的團體性要件，並確認法人全面的法律能力。同時，在法人人格否認等制度設計上吸納擬制說。

The orientation of the legal person is the precondition for the legislative system of the legal person in future Chinese civil code. The fiction theory of legal person, based on the company, results in the excessive control by law of the legal person, harms the individual’s natural will of union with other people, and eventually deviates from humanism. The real entity theory, based on the community in the history, ensures the autonomy in the right of association for individuals, but it logically excludes the state’s regulation and control of the legal person, and does not successfully demonstrate the existence of the general will of legal person. The theory of fiction can no longer follow the modern social trend of the development of the legal person characterized by complication of classification, diffusion of functions and prominence of social role. The real entity theory does need consolidate its rationality through the formation of will of organization and procedure, the establishment of internal organs and the mechanism of distribution of power of legal person. The civil code of our country should be based on the real entity theory, and it should recognize the legal person as the basic unit, focus on the regulation of the elements for the corporation of the legal person, and confirm the overall legal capacity of it. Moreover, the fiction theory of the legal person could be used to justify some rules such as the rule on piercing the corporate veil.