特別認知者的刑法歸責

Criminal Imputation of Special Cognition

特別認知給日益風行的客觀歸責理論帶來一些難題。其中有體系上的問題，如客觀歸責是否有主觀化的嫌疑，但更多的是關於不法歸責實質根據的分歧。在目的理性的歸責視野下，歸責不再由自然意義上的因果性和目的性決定，而取決於外部的價值和目的；利益侵害也只是歸責的必要條件，社會角色才是確定不法歸責的充分根據。據此，如果特別認知的危險與角色無關，對歸責就沒有影響，反之則可以成為歸責的對象。如果特別認知與角色無關，但行為人利用特別認知傷害他人，或者基於團結義務而必須退讓時，行為人仍然應當為不法結果負責。

Special cognition brings some problems to objective imputation. Some of the problems are related to the system, such as whether objective imputation is really objective, but the problems are more about the substance of unlawful imputation. Under the teleological rationality perspective, imputation is not based on causality and purpose, but on the value and teleology. The interest is only the necessary condition for imputation which ultimately should be determined by social roles. If special cognition is unrelated to the role, it will make no impact on the imputation. Otherwise special cognition will be the object of imputation. Moreover if the special cognition has nothing to do with the role, but the perpetrator takes the advantage of special cognition to harm others, or is restricted by the duty of solidarity, the results should be attributed to the perpetrator.