從內家修練看「資源基礎觀」的資源建構機制

RBV’s Resource-Building Mechanism Perceived from the Discipline of the Internal Kong-Fu

本研究發現，資源和內功相當類似，兩者之間的類比，維妙維肖，因此，本文的研究目的在於將資源建構類比於內家修練，以期樹立「資源修練」的觀點來創立一個資源建構機制。這個機制可望有助於解決資源基礎觀的企業異質性、資源獨特性、成因機制、隔絕機制、能力建構、資源面與產品面如何互動等重要問題。值得注意的是，內家修練主張的精、氣、神攝三歸一是中華文化「心物合一」哲學觀點的實踐，因此，本研究的資源建構觀點與西方管理學界將資源視為獨立於「人」之外的「物」的觀點截然不同。本研究從丹道修練的古籍中歸納出精、氣、神攝三歸一的修練原理，將精、氣、神類比為企業的物質基礎、能量動力、精神主宰，並將先天和後天類比為企業內部和企業外部，因而，類比推出企業資源建構機制的三個命題：(1)企業的物質基礎、能量動力、精神主宰是企業資源的三個組成元素；(2)企業的物質基礎、能量動力、精神主宰存在循環相生的關係，三者在循環相生、持續收斂的過程下形成資源；(3)企業須藉助內部資源和外部資源的相互為用、循環相生、持續收斂以建構企業資源。總之，在理論上，這個類比於內家修練的資源建構機制提供了一個相當有力的架構，對資源的內容組成和建構機制提出嶄新的理論觀點。在實務上，這三個命題可以有效地指導企業如何觀察、選取、搭配、整合企業內部和外部的各種物質基礎、能量動力、精神主宰，以提供一個建構企業資源的平台。

This research finds that there exists a close-fitting analogy between corporate resource and internal Kong-Fu. This article, as an attempt to tackle the problem of how to cultivate corporate resource, hence aims to establish a resourcebuilding mechanism by analogizing to the discipline of the internal Kong-Fu. The resource-building mechanism can be instrumental in resolving the several fundamental issues in the literature of resource-based view (RBV), including the source of a firm’s heterogeneity, the source of resource distinctiveness, causal mechanism, isolating mechanism, capability-building, how a firm’s resources interact with its products, etc. It is noteworthy that the “fusing of physicalenergy- spirit into one” in the discipline of the internal Kong-Fu is the realization of the traditional Chinese philosophical argument---“oneness of mental and physical”. Obviously, the “oneness of mental and physical” philosophical standpoint, which is embedded in the resource-building mechanism, completely contrasts to the view of resources as simply physical being that is independent of the mental involvement of humans, a view commonly maintained in the Western management academics. In developing the model, this article defines a firm’s physical-energy-spirit equivalents ---physical to a firm’s physical properties, energy to a firm’s driving power, and spirit to a firm’s frame of mind---, analogizes pre-heaven to a firm’s inside and post-heaven to a firm’s outside, and distills three principles of the “fusing of physical-energy-spirit into one” from the Taoism Classics. The three principles are hence analogized to develop three propositions in the construction of the resource-building mechanism: (1) Physical properties, driving power, and frame of mind are the three essential elements in the make of a resource. (2) There exists a cyclically productive relationship among the physical properties, driving power, and frame of mind that make up a resource. A resource can thus be symbolized as a cycle that signifies how the three essential elements are ultimately combined into a resource. (3) Resource-building relies on utilizing both a firm’s internal and external resources, where the internal cycle and the external cycle are mutually beneficial to, cyclically productive of, and ultimately combined with, each other. To sum up, in theory, the three propositions, as a brand-new RBV framework, serve as a potent schema that provides innovative and insightful perspectives for resource contents and resource-building. In practice, a firm can employ the three propositions to survey, select, fit, and integrate its internal and external physical properties, driving power, and frame of mind in fostering a setting that is instrumental to the resource-building mechanism.