使用數學規劃模式計算企業聯盟的共創價值－－以資源整合、市場配銷及製程合作為例

Using Mathematical Programming to Calculate the Synergistic Added Value by Cooperation through Resource Allocation, Market Distribution and Manufacturing Process

企業可透過不同的方式（如企業併購、聯盟、供應鏈合作、外包等）交換或取得生產資源，以維繫市場競爭優勢，其代表著企業能力可能因為合作而擴展，使企業得以因此創造綜效(synergy)和價值(value)，進而分享價值，營造共贏。學者對於此企業間合作的方式，雖有許多探討，但仍缺乏整合的理論架構，和量化的規劃模式。本研究提出三種企業合作生產的數學規劃模型，分別為「資源整合模型」、「資源及通路整合模型」以及「資源、通路及製程整合模型」；透過這些整合模型，得以量化並尋找企業間最佳的合作方式，以創造合作的最大價值。研究中，首先以簡單數值範例顯示本研究合作模型之可行性，進一步推及這些合作模式之一般化數學規劃模型；在此基礎上，本研究亦討論合作模型之數學特性與模型間的關係。本研究可進一步延伸至探討合作企業如何分配合作綜效，以創造多贏局面等問題。

Using various methods (such as merger, alliance, supply chain cooperation, outsourcing, … etc.), companies exchange or obtain production resources to keep themselves competitive. This means that the competence of the companies can be expanded through cooperation and companies can create synergy or value through cooperation and share the created value to form win-win situations. To explain these practical phenomena, many scholars have provided different viewpoints including: transfer cost theory (Gulati, 1998; Parkhe, 1993; Rindfleisch and Heide, 1997 and the quotes therein), perspective of strategy (Hangedoorn, 1993; Porter, 1980 and the quotes therein), resource-base view (Barney, 1991; Das and Teng, 2000 and the quotes therein), and organizational knowledge and learning (Kogut, 1988 and the quotes therein). Although a number of studies on these phenomena have been proposed, a general theoretical frameworks and quantifiable models, such as those of Operations Research, are still lacking. Without precise calculation, wishful thinking can lead to wrong, even disastrous decision in corporate cooperation. For instance, according to Sudarsanam, 2003, trillion dollars in each recent year has been invested in mergers and acquisitions. Unfortunately, many of them did not reach their expectations or fail, mainly due to miscalculation. In this paper, we propose three corporate alliance models, which are: (i) resource allocation model, (ii) integrated model of resource allocation and market distribution; and (iii) integrated model of resource allocation, market distribution and manufacturing process. Numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed models. Furthermore, their generalized mathematical forms are developed to discuss the mathematical properties and relationship mong the models. Through the proposed models, companies could calculate the synergy and value created through various forms of cooperation. Our results can be a base for further study of the distribution of the value or synergy created over the participating companies, as to form lasting win-win cooperation. Some challenging research problems in this aspect are briefly sketched.