前事不忘‧後事之師－－清代粵洋海盜問題的檢討(1810-1885)

The Research of the Pirate in the Seacoast of Guang Dong Province in Qing Dynasty

有清一代，東南環海，萬里汪洋，舟船往來於其間，此為沿海民生利益之所在，其中廣州港更有「金山珠海，天子南庫」之稱；由於清代海上貿易量增加，以劫掠商、漁船為生的海盜也隨之滋長。清代學者藍鼎元提到：「在洋之盜，十犯九廣」，將中國東南海疆洋氛大熾的矛頭，指向了廣東一省；又，嘉慶年間的兩廣總督那彥成，曾於奏摺中云：「粵東（廣東）之患，莫大於洋盜。」可知清代乾嘉時期的「東南海事」多由海盜所引起，而海盜又是多出自於位處邊陲，海疆遼闊，島嶼眾多的廣東省，再加上安南「西山政權」（1771-1802）吸收中國海盜來籌措軍費的影響，更讓整個華南沿海的海盜動亂，一發不可收拾。到了中英鴉片戰爭過後（1842），在秘密會黨與走私鴉片情形的盛行下，粵洋海盜再度猖獗於海面之上。清朝嘉慶年間三大威脅統治的勢力，分別為「黔楚苗亂」、「川陜教匪」與「東南海事」，其中「東南海事」的侵擾一直持續蔓延到清末，可說是影響甚大，嘉慶皇帝就曾經說過：「盜匪在洋肆劫，最為商民之害」，海盜為了劫取本身所須利益，除了將東南沿海社會秩序被破壞殆盡外，海商因貿易減少所造成的損失就更難以計算，因此海盜的禍亂，是不可以將其等閒視之的。

This paper will focus on the piracy issue along the seacoast of the Guang Dong Province during the Jia Qing Period to the Guang Xu Period (1810-1885) during the Qing Dynasty. At the same time, China and France both singed the Tientsin China France Pact. The friendship between the China and Vietnam did not resolve the piracy issue. This issue has never been solved; rather, on the contrary, it remains to this day. This paper covers only a small part of the pirate history research. I hope to expand the research filed by the China ocean history development. This paper is divided into six chapters. This second chapter is about pirate development history in Qing Dynasty and stresses the importance in every stage. The third chapter analyzes organization, source, motive, resource, and geography to further understand the pirate society. The fourth chapter is about the penalty under the law of the Qing Dynasty and furthermore, the unfair practices that occurred after the pirates surrendered or were arrested. The fifth chapter is about how the piracy issue evolved into more problems. The sixth chapter is about the influence on seacoast trading. After all, business ships are profitable objects to the pirates. The last chapter views the pirate activities from an international aspect, for example, Vietnam, England, Portugal and France, etc. These topics are the main discussion targets in this paper.