疾病基模與症狀知覺關係之探討

The Relationship between Illness Schema and Symptom Perception

本文乃是針對近年來有關症狀知覺（symptom perception）與疾病基模（illness schema）相關之文獻回顧，旨在瞭解個體如何處理身體內部的訊息以及疾病基模對個體症狀知覺之影響。實證研究證據顯示個體對於身體的感覺並不全然正確，有關症狀知覺的假設和物體知覺的假設乃是相似的。症狀知覺共有三方面，包括線索競爭、選擇性蒐尋以及依前二項所得的推論。疾病基模可能會影響上述三者的任何一項；個體傾向會去蒐尋並且使用與基模相一致的訊息來解釋身體感覺。由此可知，疾病基模不只引導個體對於訊息的蒐尋及解釋，同時當個體自身擁有的症狀與某個特殊疾病之大多數症狀相符時，疾病基模也可幫助個體辨識出該疾病。

This article reviews studies of symptom perception and illness schema. It focuses on investigations of how individuals process internal information and the effects of illness schema on symptom perception. The empirical evidence shows that individuals are not always accurate in bodily sensation. The basic assumption of symptom perception is similar to object perception. There are three aspects of symptom perception, including competition of cues, selective search and inference. Illness schema might affect any aspect of symptom perception. Individuals tend to search and use schema-consistent information to explain bodily sensations. Illness schema guides the search and explanation of information. It also helps individuals to recognize a specific disease when most symptoms match the schema they hold.