從先秦儒道「和」的理想談當代大學生的人格培育

On cultivating personality: A Confucianism and Taoism perspective

為落實博雅教育以培養全人教育之理想，本文擬以先秦儒道經典為探究對象，分別從「自我身心」、「社會人際」與「自然天人」等關係的和諧狀態，論述儒道二家思想中「和」的理想。作為中國古典哲學淵源的先秦儒道兩家，雖然思想進路不同，但在精神上卻有一致的地方，都追求身心內外的和諧統一，以塑造理想人格為目標，由內而外，實現群體和諧與自然和諧之理想，相信其中「經典」之語必定有足以供當代大學生學習借鑒的智慧。從個人尊嚴與人格獨立來看，施行教育的目標本在成就「全人教育」的理想，而非創造「工具人」提供更多利用的價值。若僅注重專業能力的培養而淡化了人文精神的教育，必然影響學生人格的健全發展，窄化生活視野與思考。因此，筆者擬借鑒儒道兩家的和諧理想，分為道德教育、審美教育與環境教育三方面，談當代大學生的人格培育。期許當代大學生效法儒家積極有為、刻意進取的人格精神，不斷自我更新、樂觀向上以創造社會群體的和諧理想為最終目標；同時，借鑑道家淡泊清虛的人生智慧，懂得順任自然，化解心中鬱悶之情，提升自己的抗壓性，以創造天地自然的和諧理想為最終目標。Personality is an abstract concept. However, its existence is solid and vivid. It is the outcome of an individual's culture backgrounds and self-actualization. Nowadays educators in universities believe that they should show great concern for how to cultivate students' independent personalities through liberal education. In classical Chinese, there was no word for 'personality'. However, in classical Chinese philosophy there was an idea of independent personalities. Confucianism and Taoism in the pre-Qin period are two origins of Chinese philosophy. Although they are different in their approaches, both of them focus on the harmony between an individual's body and mind and the harmony between an individual and the environment. It is believed that the classics of Confucianism and Taoism must provide the wisdom for current college students. Benevolence is the core idea of Confucianism. It starts from cultivating oneself to considering others. It results in the harmony of a group of people. Taoism roots in the transcendentalism of Tao itself, which surpasses fames, good and evil, right and wrong, and life and death. It focuses on the balanced life of nature and nurture. Both approaches echo the ideal of whole man education in liberal education. This paper is intended to explore the classics of Confucianism and Taoism, discussing the ideal of harmony in Confucianism and Taoism from 'body and mind', 'social interactions' and 'nature and nurture' respectively. Furthermore, moral education, aesthetic education and environmental education will be emphasized to cultivate the personalities of current college students.