運動競賽成敗結果、歸因、以及情緒之關係研究：驗證Weiner（1985）成就動機和情緒的歸因理論

Influence of Causal Attribution on Emotions: An Examination of Weiner's (1985) Attributional Theory of Achievement Motivation and Emotion

本研究主要目的在以Weiner（1985）成就動機和情緒的歸因理論為研究模式，探討運動員賽後的情緒、成敗歸因、和歸因伴隨情緒的關係。研究對象為參加九十學年度大專運動會151位桌球代表隊下場比賽選手。其中男生88位，女生63位，平均年齡為21.39（SD＝±3.12）歲。本研究徵得受試者同意後，填寫競賽結果第二代因果歸因量表（Causal Dimension Scale-Ⅱ，McAuley，Duncan，& Russell， 1993）與情緒反應量表（Affection Reaction Scale，彭文蓉，民84）。原始資料以獨立樣本t考驗、皮爾遜積差相關進行統計分析。研究結果如下：（一）以結果伴隨情緒而言：運動員比賽成功者在滿意、非常棒、感激、快樂和自信心的情緒均高於失敗者，而失敗者在沒面子、罪惡感、可憐、生氣、沮喪和失望的情緒則高於成功者。（二）以成敗後的歸因而言：運動比賽後成功者把成敗原因歸因於穩定性向度比失敗者為多；但因果根源、外在控制和個人控制向度方面則無差異。（三）以歸因和情緒的關係而言：在成功的情境下，「因果根源」的歸因與非常棒、驕傲、自信心等情緒有正相關存在；「穩定性」的歸因與驕傲情緒有正相關存在；在失敗的情境下，只有「外在控制」的歸因與生氣情緒有正相關存在。本研究發現，運動成敗不但對運動員結果伴隨情緒有重大影響，對其歸因方向也有顯著影響，本研究結果支持過去（Weiner，1985，1986；McAulley，Russell&Gross，1983；McAuley，1985）等人之研究，且結論指出比賽結果，成敗歸因和情緒對為影響運動員動機的主要影響因素。本研究建議未來研究可以更深入探討成就動機情境下人格與情緒因素對運動成就動機之影響，以及歸因對情緒與行為的影響等等。Based on Weiner's (1985) Attributional Theory of Achievement Motivation and Emotion, the purpose of this study was to examine athletes' emotional responses after success and failure, and the relation between attribution and emotion. One hundred and fifty-one intercollegiate table-tennis players (males = 88; females= 63) with a mean age of 21.39 years(SD= ±3.12) who participated in the 2002 Intercollegiate Athletic Meet in Taiwan were sampled for this study. After the first round of the table tennis competition, participants were asked to write down their competition outcome and complete Causal Dimension Scale-Ⅱ, (McAuley, Duncan, & Russell, 1993). After complefing these two tasks 1995) to rate their emotional responses to the success and failure. Independent t-tests found successful players were higher on satisfaction, terrific, great, appreciation, happy, and confidence than failure players, while failure players were higher on shame, guilt, poor, anger, depression, and hopelessness than successful players. In addition, successful players attributed their competition outcome more to stability than failure players, but there were no differences between the two groups in locus of causality, external control, and personal control dimensions. Moreover, this study found in the winning situation, the locus of causality positively correlated with terrific, pride, and confidence, while stability positively correlated with pride. Finally, in the losing situation, only external control positively correlated with anger. In general, this study supports most tenets of Weiner's (1985) Attributional Theory of Achievement Motivation and Emotion and McAuley, Russell & Gross' (1983) research. This study concluded that competition outcome and emotion al responses play important role in influencing achievement motivation. Future research could extend this study and explore which personality factors moderate competition outcome and emotional responses.