網球選手心理競技能力及競賽特質焦慮之研究－－以契合度與區域分析為指標

A Study of Tennis Athletes, Psychological Competitive Abilities and Competition Trait Anxiety :Using Congruence and Zone Analysis

優秀運動員所擁有的不僅是卓越的技術能力，心理競技能力的強弱，往往成為決定冠亞軍的關鍵性因素。近期的研究指出，單從心理競技能力的實際表現，仍不足以瞭解運動員的心理狀態，因而發展出契合度的概念，強調個人期望程度的重要性。因此，本研究採取契合度的概念，分別探討個人背景及焦慮程度與心理競技能力契合的關係，以175位全國網球排名賽選手為對象，施測其心理競技能力量表（PCAS）與運動競賽焦慮測驗（SCAT-A）。結果發現：1.網球選手所重視的心理競技能力，包括有決策判斷、超越企圖、平常心境、求勝意志及團隊精神。2.性別在心理競技能力因素方面有顯著的差異存在，男性選手的契合度高於女性選手。3.焦慮程度較高者的心理競技能力則呈現較低的契合。因此，教練們可依據本研究結果，針對實際情形加以改善，以提昇心理競技能力，進而提高運動成績。並在文末提出本研究的實用意義，以及未來研究的方向。Excellent skill is not the only quality possessed by an outstanding athlete. More often than not it is the strength of psychological competitive abilities that decides the champion. Recent research has, however, pointed out that looking at the actual effect of an athlete's psychological competitive abilities alone is not sufficient to give comprehension of his/her psychological state. In this connection, the concept of congruence has been developed, and the importance of the degree of personal expectation has been emphasized. In the light of this, this research adopts the concept of congruence, exploring the relationship of the congruence with psychological competitive abilities to, respectively, personal background and degree of anxiety. Subjects included 175 athletes taking part in the Taiwan Tennis Ranking Competition. The athletes were tested using the Psychological Competitive Abilities Scale (PCAS) and Sport Competition Anxiety Test (SCAT - A). The findings were as follows: 1. The psychological competitive abilities valued by the tennis athletes include decision making, intention of transcendence, ordinary attitude, striving for victory, and team spirit. 2. As far as the factors of psychological competitive abilities are concerned, there was a conspicuous difference between the sexes in that male athletes had a higher congruence than female athletes. 3. The higher the degree of anxiety, the lower the congruence with psychological competitive abilities. Based on the findings of this research, coaches can bring about improvements in accordance with actual situations so as to raise psychological competitive abilities and thereby achieve better sport results.