從環境權到國家環境保護義務和環境公益訴訟

From Environmental Rights to Environmental Protection Obligations of the State and Environmental Public Interest Litigation

綜合性的環境法律應以規範政府環境行為為主，從確認公眾（主要是自然人）的環境權出發，規定國家的環境保護義務和環境公益訴訟制度；應明確“傳統環境侵權責任、傳統環境民事訴訟、傳統行政訴訟”與“新型環境侵權責任、新型環境公益民事訴訟、新型環境公益行政訴訟”的聯繫與區別，明確“環境利益”、“環境損害”和“環境損害責任”的概念。環境權是維護公眾環境利益的法律基礎和依據；損害作為公眾共用物的環境，就是侵犯公眾的環境利益，就是侵犯公眾的環境權；環境公益訴訟是因侵犯環境權而引起的訴訟，是對受到侵犯的環境權進行救濟的主要途徑；公民為了維護其環境權而提起環境公益訴訟，就是為了保護作為公眾共用物的環境而提起訴訟。The comprehensive environmental law should mainly regulate govemments' environmental action, starting from the determination of environmental rights of the public(primarily to natural person), then regulating corresponding obligations of the state and environmental public interest litigation. The differences and connections between traditional environmental tort and new environmental tort, traditional civil environmental action and new civil environmental public interest litigation, traditional administrative proceeding and new administrative public interest litigation, also the concept of environmental interests, environmental damage and the responsibility for environmental damage should be made clear. Environmental rights are the legal basis for safeguarding the environmental interest. When environment, as commons, is damaged, environmental interest of public is infringed, and the environmental rights are infringed too. Environmental public interest litigation should be started when environmental rights are infringed, which is a primary remedy for infringed environmental rights. Environmental public interest litigation started by citizens for environmental rights is actually a kind of litigation for the purpose of protecting commons of environment.