奧地利成為中立國的國際背景

Austria as a Neutral State-Review on its International Background

現代奧地利做為中歐的一個小國，旁邊緊鄰者政治、軍事與經濟強權的德國與蘇聯，從土地、人口及經濟規模等國力標準相較，與後兩者有著明顯的優劣地位，奧地利對德國與蘇聯是典型的以小事大的不平等關係，情況差堪可與台、中美之間關係相擬。從該等客觀條件來看，奧、德、蘇之間的關係與台、中、美之間的關係，兩國亦存在著極為類似的形態。就此諸點要素而言，奧、德、蘇關係與台、中、美關係饒富比較之學術價值。但若從歷史演變、政經關係等主觀人為間的互動與交流關係的建構來看，吾人可以發現，兩種關係間卻又有著截然不同的進程與景象。因此，隨之而起要追問的乃是，為何類似之客觀條件卻發展出迥然相異的國家關係，更值得進一步深入研究與探討。然限於篇幅，本文目的聚焦於奧地利在二次大戰後宣佈成為永久中立國時，當時的歷史與國際關係等客觀條件所產生的驅動力與壓迫感，說明在不同的歷史演變與人為的政經安排下，一國選擇永久中立國地位的自由意願與不得不然間的利益衡量過程與決定。

Austria, as a small State located in Central Europe, is surrounded by Germany and Russia both of which appear to be much powerful than Austria on the aspect of politics, military power and economics, etc. Judging from the size of lands, population and scale of economic and other criteria, Austria is even far more underprivileged. Austria to the Germany and Russia symbolize a typical subordinate-serve-superior, an unequal relationship which is very similar to Taiwan's international situation as in between China and USA two supra powers. If we see from the objective conditions, the relation between Austria-Germany-Russia shares similar kind with that of Taiwan-China-USA. From the same perspective, comparing both relationship in a comparative study is full of academic values. Yet, if we see from subjective perspectives such as historical development and political-economic relationship forming the basis of artificial interaction, one can also know that both relationship in fact have different progress and scenarios. Thus, the question will then come up with regard to on what ground does two relationship with much similar objective conditions develop to such a diverse way. The aim of this article will focus on the driven force as a result of objective conditions such as historical factors and foreign relation at the time when Austria declared neutral after the end of WWII and will explain why under several political and economic arrangements as well as historical development the status of neutrality would become the result of either the free will or the involuntary decision out of balancing of interests.