越南「史臣」與「使臣」對「中國」意識的分歧比較

Comparison of Chinese Consciousness as Expressed by ＂Official Vietnamese Historians＂ and ＂Vietnamese Envoys＂

本文透過考察越南對內的「史臣」及對外的「使臣」兩種「中國」意識，發現越南史臣在撰寫史書之際，頗刻意強化南北「各帝其國」、「各華其華」的政治與文化主體性，並沒有「夷」的身份之辯解問題，甚至突顯自己有一套自己的「中華秩序」。相較而言，越南出使中國的「使臣」常常需要向中國官員爭取「是華非夷」的國格主體性，刻意表現出「同華意識」的立場，同時在外交場合中，有時也要與朝鮮使臣互較「競華」。因此，越南的中華意識實有「對內」與「對外」鮮明的多元現象。

This study intends to examine the consciousness of ＂China＂ as it is expressed by both ＂official court historians＂ in Vietnam and Vietnamese ＂envoys＂ sent to China. It was discovered in my research that while writing their histories for the court, Vietnamese historians particularly and intentionally emphasized political and cultural subjectivity in the principles ＂each empire has its own empire＂ and ＂each empire has its own Chinese culture＂. They have their own idea of ＂Chinese Order＂ was heavily stressed. In contrast, Vietnamese envoys in China often had to fight for the national identity of Vietnam ＂as part of China, not a barbaric country＂ and purposely expressed their opinion that they possessed ＂an awareness of themselves as Chinese.＂ These Vietnamese envoys even competed with Chosen envoys over which of the two were more Chineselike. Thus, it is clear that there are differences between the ＂internal＂ and ＂external＂ expressions of Chinese cultural consciousness in Vietnam during that time.