蜂房的本草學研究

Herbological Studies on ＂Feng-Fan＂ (Nidus Vespae)

蜂房被收錄於神農本草經，為祛風、解毒、消炎、鎮痛、退腫、殺蟲藥業，用於小兒驚癇、風濕痛、關節疼痛、急性乳腺灸、乳房脤痛、牙齦疼痛、癰疽、瘡腫、療癢、頭癬、皮膚疥癬、蜂螢腫痛及癌腫等。在中國本草文獻中，蜂房之基源鑒定記述不一。目前，蜂房被認為係源自胡蜂科中許多不同之Vespa屬、Polistes屬、Parapalybia屬及Vespula屬昆蟲的蜂巢，基源非常混亂，為了究明蜂房之基源及考證其正條品而從事生藥學與本草學的研究。經由本草學的研究，得到以下結果：(1)由證類本草所描述之形態，蜂房是源於胡蜂科之Vesþa屬、Polistes屬、Parapolybia屬及其他未知蜂類的蜂巢。(2)由證類本草、金石昆蟲草木狀、頭註本草綱目、本草彙言及和漢三才國會所收錄蜂房之圖，指的峰房係以Polistes屬昆蟲為基源之蜂巢。(3)由本草綱目、本經疏證所記載之圖片與描述，很明顯地蜂房是源于Vespa屬之蜂巢。但另一方面，本草原始所記載之圖片，列舉了兩種蜂房，其中一種為Polistes屬的巢，而另一種為Parapolybia屬或Ropalidia屬的巢。(4)依據本草綱目啟蒙、圖解本草及藥品考所記載蜂房之圖與形態的描述，顯示日本所產蜂房係以Vespa屬昆蟲為基源之蜂巢。經由我們依據歷代本草之記載及生藥學的調查，推定出唐、宋代所周蜂房之基源主要係源自于Vespa屬、Polistes屬的巢，偶有源自於Parapolybia屬或Ropalidia屬的巢。及至明、清代以後，以Polistes屬蜂巢為基源之露蜂房成了市場之玉流，而流傳至今。

”Feng-fan” (Nidus Vespae) 蜂房is listed in Shên-nung-pên-ts'ao-ching (神農本草經)as the remedy for epilepsy, rheumatalgia, carbuncle, malignant furuncle, scabies, toothache, tumor etc. Identification as to the origin of Feng-fan mentioned in Chinese herbal literatures was very confusing. At present, Feng-fan is considered to be derived from many different nests of Vespa, Polistes, Parapolybia and Vespula species insects of Vespidae. The purpose of this paper is to identify the origin of Feng-fan by pharmacognostical and herbological studies. Through herbological studies, the following results were obtained. 1.) In view of the morphological descriptions in Zhèng-leì-bên-cao (證類本草) indicate that Feng-fan is derived from the nests of Vespa, Polistes and Parapolybia sp. (Vespidae) and other unknown species. 2.) The illustrations recorded in Zhèng-leì-bên-cao (證類本草), Jin shi-kun-chóng-câomù-Zhùang (金石昆蟲草木狀), Tsu-chiu-hon-zò-komoku (頭註本草綱目), Bên-câo-hùi-yan (本草彙言) and Wakan-san-sai-z-e (和漢三才圖會) suggest that Feng-fan is derived from the nests of Polistes sp. 3.) The illustrations and descriptions recorded in Bên-câo-gang-mù (本草綱目), Ben-chingsu-zheng (本經疏證) indicate that Feng-fan is derived from the nests of Vespa sp. On the other hand, the illustrations recorded in Bên-câo-yuân-shî (本草原始) indicate two origins of Feng-fan. One is the nest of Polistes sp. and the other is the nest of Parapolybia sp. or Ropalidia sp. 4.) According to the illustrations and morphological descriptions in Hon-zo-ko-mo-kukei-mò (本草綱目啟蒙), Zu-kai-hong-zò (圖解本草) and Yaku-hin-ko (藥品考) suggest that Feng-fan in Japan is derived from the nest of Vespa sp. Through our historical and herbological investigations, these Feng-fan are identified to be derived from the nests of Vespa, sp., Polistes sp., and also derived from the nests of Parapolybia sp. or Ropalidia sp. in each dynasty. After the Ming (明) and Ching (清) dynasty, it has been common that Feng-fan was originated from the nest of Polistes sp.