石油開採與英伊關係（1901-1914）

Oil Exploitation: A New Facet of Anglo-Iranian Relations 1901-1914

本文探討20 世紀初期，伊朗石油開採，對英國與伊朗關係產生的影響。1901 年，英國與伊朗簽訂石油開採許可權，英國擁有在伊朗鑽油井的權利。20 世紀初期，時值伊朗立憲運動，中央政府衰弱，英國欲穩固石油利益，與石油開採區的地方勢力，如巴賀提亞里部落與穆哈梅拉鎮的哈左酋長，也有密切的交涉。1905 年的《巴賀提亞里協議》，便是英國與部落在石油議題協商的結果。1908 年石油在巴賀提亞里部落區開挖成功，但隨之問題也來。石油工程區的保安問題，頗有爭執，還有土地使用與買賣的糾紛。在穆哈梅拉鎮，英國與酋長原本關係就密切，雙方在1909 年簽訂協議後，英國得以在酋長領地內鋪設油管、建煉油廠。石油議題，提高了英國與伊朗地方交涉的重要性。此外，英國在伊朗開發石油，有因應外在壓力的對策。長期以來俄國為英國在中亞與中東勢力範圍的競爭對手，伊朗北部為俄國影響力比較大的部份。因此，1901 年的石油開採許可權裡，已寫明了不在俄國勢力範圍內開採石油。1912 年之後，英國政府有感其他石油公司勢力逐漸擴張，便促使英國—波斯石油公司供給石油給海軍作為燃料，以鞏固石油利益。英國—波斯石油公司與海軍也有意願合作，雙方於1914 年簽署合約，伊朗石油因此有更進一步的發展。

India and Pakistan had clashed over Kashmir since 1946. During the conflict, Kanjut, a region located in the south-west China's Xinjiang Kashgar, sent emissary to the Chinese government requesting for 'allegiance' to protect their own interests. The Nationalist Government attached great importance to the request and the Foreign Ministry and relevant departments discussed this issue repeatedly to launch practical measures. During the process, although the Nationalist Government was not an Empire anymore, it's diplomatic practices were deeply influenced by the operation of traditional 'tributary system.' In order to preserve both the historical imagination of tribute and the national sovereignty, the Nationalist Government attempted to either directly control of Kanjut if the Government was dominant, or to keep the suzerainty relationship with Kanjut when the Government was powerless.