短期諮商的效能因素與工作同盟之研究

A Study on Effective Factors and Working Alliance of Short-Term Counseling

本研究旨在探討人際困難案主接受短期諮商的人際內涵與結果，諮商「效能因素」與「工作同盟」的階段分析。研究針對九位案主，進行十至十二次的個別諮商與三至四次的事後訪談，期間並實施「貝爾客體關係量表」、「柯氏性格量表」、「諮商工作同盟量表」與「諮商感受量表」等四種問卷。事後訪談以「人際過程回憶法」搜集「效能因素」資料，以深度訪談搜集「工作同盟」資料，訪談內容全部謄成逐字稿，以作為質化分析的材料。研究結果發現：（一）短期諮商的效果呈現個別差異，但工作同盟未達明顯改變。（二）效能因素的整合與階段分析結果，顯示諮商員的風格偏向問題解決，但體驗的特色較不明顯；而「給建議」為本研究發現的文化特徵。（三）工作同盟的整合與階段分析結果，顯示「工作層面」較「情感層面」困難，「情感層面」呈遞增現象，但「工作層面」則呈忽高忽低現象，至於「工作策略的一致性」在第一階段為排序最高項目，在第四階段卻為排序最低項目。（四）案主與諮商員建立工作同盟的類型呈現個別差異。最後，研究者對於大專輔導工作應用短期諮商的提醒，諮商實務的應用，諮商倫理的考量，「發現式導向」的學術價值，以及未來進一步的研究，提出若干建議。

This study focused on investigating the interpersonal conflict issue among college students in the context of Chinese culture, and examining the outcome and how these clients go through the therapeutic process in short-term counseling. It was designed to adopt an exploratory approach to study the counseling process. Over the 20 months study, 9 college students with significant difficulties in interpersonal conflict completed 12 sessions of dynamic-oriented short-term counseling. Audio-tapes were used to record data of both the counselor :s and clients : verbal contents, Interpersonal Process Recall (IPR) was administered every three sessions, and the selected interpersonal episodes from the counseling transcripts were evaluated by follow-up in-depth interview conducted by independent raters. Content analyses were also performed to assess effective factors as well as working alliance. The test scores on the counseling effect and the alliance were compared between the intake interviews and the post-therapy interviews. The major findings were as the following: (1) In general, the outcome at the end of counseling was quite satisfactory, with the majority marked improvement. (2) Among the various effective factors, :guidance : was remarkable in that it may reflect the supportive and educational-oriented connotation in the counseling relationship. (3) The general analysis of working alliance showed that the working dimension was more difficult to develop compared to the affective dimension. (4) The working alliance patterns between the counselor and clients were characterized by individua1 difference. (5) The counselor :s style was problem-solving oriented, which could be identified through IPR assessment, the validity of which could thus be appreciated. In conclusion, the preliminary findings were rather distinct and interesting from the cross-cultural perspective.