後形式思考與人際關係之容忍性、同理心、自我揭露、自主性之關係

The Relationships between Postformal thinking and Tolerance、Empathy、Self-disclosure、Autonomy of Interpersonal Relations

本研究目的在探討後形式思考與成熟人際關係之容忍性、同理心、自我揭露、自主性之關係，受試為644位分佈於青年期後期至成人期的受試，以問卷法蒐集資料進行驗証件研究，資料分析採用計畫比較。由於後形式思考包括相對性思考與辯証性思考兩種型式，因此，四對計畫比較分別為相對性思考組與形式性思考組、辯証性思考組與形式性思考組、辯証性思考組與相對性思考組、與後形式思考組與形式性思考組，並在每個人際向度上分別進行上述四對平均數考驗。結果發現:1．後形式思考組的容忍性高於形式性思考組，辯証性思考組的容忍性高於相對性思考組，相對性思考組的容忍性高於形式性思考組;2．後形式思考組的同理心高於形式性思考組，辯証性思考組的同理心高於相對性思考組，相對性思考組的同理心高於形式性思考組;3．後形式思考組的自我揭露有效性高於形式性思考組，辯証性思考組的自我揭露有效性高於形式性思考組與相對性思考組:4．後形式思考組的自主性高於形式性思考組，辯証性思考組的自主性高於形式性思考組與相對性思考組。本研究討論上述發現的意義，並提出未來研究建議與人際關係實際應用的啟示。

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between postformalthinking and tolerance - empathy 、 self-disclosure 、 autonomy of mature interpersonalrelations. Subjects were 644, ranging from late adolescence to adulthood ( range from 16 to80 years ) . Questionnaire was used as the research method. Planned contrasts were used fordata analysis. As postformal thinking includes relativistic thinking and dialectical thinkingboth, the four contrasts were relativistic thinking group and formalistic thinking group,dialectical thinking group and formalistic thinking group, dialectical thinking group andrelativistic thinking group, postformal thinking group and formalistic thinking group. Thereare four planned contrasts on each of four dimensions of mature interpersonal relations. Theresults were : I. The tolerance of the postformal thinking group was higher than theformalistic thinking group's, the tolerance of the dialectical thinking group was higher thanthe relativistic thinking group's, the tolerance of the relativistic thinking group was higherthan the formalistic thinking group's. 2.The empathy of the postformal thinking group washigher than the formalistic thinking group's, the empathy of the dialectical thinking groupwas higher than the relativistic thinking group's, the empathy of the relativistic thinkinggroup was higher than the formalistic thinking group's. 3.The self-disclosure of thepostformal thinking group was higher than the formalistic thinking group's, the self-disclosure of the dialectical thinking group was higher than the relativistic thinking group'sand the formalistic thinking group's. 4.The autonomy of the postformal thinking group washigher than the formalistic thinking group's, the autonomy of the dialectical thinking groupwas higher than the relativistic thinking group's and the formalistic thinking group's. Themeanings of above findings are discussed in the paper. According to these findings, there are suggestions of future research and implications for practical applications ininterpersonal relations.