父母自我分化、教養態度對青少年子女自我分化、因應策略及適應影響之研究

Relationships among Parents' Self-Differentiation, Parenting Behavior, and Children's Self-Differentiation, Coping Strategies, and Adjustment

本研究主要以Bowen家庭系統理論為基礎，探討父母自我分化與父母教養態度的關係，父母、子女的自我分化代間傳遞的過程及父母自我分化對青少年適應的影響關係，以作為研擬具體親職教育課程與青少年輔導之參考。本研究結果係根據台北地區九所國中一、二年級學生及其父母384組有效樣本的資科分析而得。本研究所使用的工具包活：（1）「家庭生活經驗量表」（測父母自我分化）；（2）「青少年知覺家庭生活經驗量表」（測子女自我分化）；（3）「父母教養態度量表」；（4）「青少年因應策略量表」；（5）「少年人格測驗」（測適應情形）。調查所得資料以典型相關分析統計法進行資料分析。本研究的主要發現如下：一、父母自我分化與其教養態度之間是有相關存在的。父母兩人關係的親密度及其彼此間關係是否混淆與父母的教養態度有清楚的關係。二、自我分化代間傳遞過程：父母自我分化與子女自我分化之間是有相關存在的，但是代間傳遞比較可能的過程會是父母自我分化經由父母教養態度間接影響子女自我分化。三、父母自我分化、父母教養態度共同與子女自我分化之間是有相關存在的。四、子女自我分化、父母教養態度共同與子女因應策略之間是有相關存在的。五、父母教養態度、子女因應策略共同與子女適應之間是有相關存在的。六、父母自我分化可能影響子女適應，是傾向為間接的影響關係。父母自我分化可能影響子女適應的途徑為：1.父母自我分化可能是間接經由父母教養態度影響子女適應。2.父母自我分化可能是經由父母教養態度，再經由子女因應策略影響子女適應。3.父母自我分化可能是經由父母教養態度，再經由子女自我分化與子女因應策略而影響子女適應。4.父母自我分化對子女適應影響的可能途徑，主要皆經過父母教養態度而不是經過子女自分化而影響子女適應。故父母自我分化直接透過子女自我分化，再經過子女因應策略來影響子女適應的途徑並未獲得積極的支持證據。本研究顯示，父母教養態度扮演極重要的角色，不僅與父母自我分化、子女自我分化有關，與子女的因應策略及適應情形皆有明顯關係。最後，研究者根據本研究結果加以討論，並提出具體建議，以應用在青少年輔導與親職教育課程設計方面，及作為未來研究之參考。

This study is based on Bowen family systems theory. The general purpose of this study is to investigate (a) the relationship between parents' self-differentiation and parenting behavior, (b) the transmission of self-differentiation to the succeeding generation, and (c) the effects of parents' self-differentiation on children's adjustment. The sample consisted of 384 pairs of children and parents from the first and second year of nine junior high schools in Taipei. Instruments used in this study were ”Parents Self-differentiation Scales”, ”Adolescent Self-differentiation Scales”, ”Parenting Behavior Scales”, ”Inventory of Adolescent Coping Strategies” and ”Adolescent Personality Scales”. Data obtained in this study were analyzed by canonical correlation analysis. The main findings were as follows:1. The results revealed that parents' self-differentiation significantly correlated with parenting behavior. The first canonical root indicated that when spouse intimacy was higher and mothers were fused with fathers, then both fathers and mothers tend to be more caring and democratic and fathers tended to be more over-protective but not neglectful.2. With regard to the intergenerational transmission of self-differentiation, the results indicated that parents' self-differentiation was significantly correlated with their children's self-differentiation, but this relationship was mediated by the parenting behaviors.3. Both parents' self-differentiation and parenting behavior were together significantly correlated with their children's self-differentiation.4. Both parenting behavior and children's self-differentiation were together significantly correlated with children's coping strategies.5. Both parenting behavior and children's coping strategies were together significantly correlated with children's adjustment.6. The results also indicated that parent's self-differentiation might affect children's adjustment through four variables. Specifically, parents' self-differentiation might influence children's adjustment through parenting behavior, children's self-differentiation and coping strategies.In sum, parenting behavior play an important role in children's development of self-differentiation and in children's psychological adjustment.The implications of these results for parenting program, counseling and educational services for adolescents, and future research are discussed.