澎湖馬公港出水「棹銅」考

The Research of the Japanese Copper Wire Bar Found in Ma-gung Harbor, Pescadores (Peng-hu archipelago)

本研究係針對澎湖馬公港出水兩件銅條之名稱、形制、年代進行考證，確認其為日本江戶時期由長崎貿易輸出用的「棹銅」，相同實物可見於日本大阪與長崎的考古發掘資料，以及日本、荷蘭兩地傳世收藏。本文也對日本「棹銅」的製作工藝，以及交易過程的圖像資料進行考察，同時透過相關史料紀錄，梳理十七至十八世紀臺灣的日銅貿易歷程，歸納出三個發展階段；第一階段為荷治時代晚期（1547-1661），荷蘭東印度公司從日本將棹銅送往臺灣或途經澎湖水域，繼而發貨銷往世界其它地區，此時的日本銅大多僅用於轉口貿易。第二階段為明鄭時期（1662-1683），鄭氏貿易集團所經營的日本棹銅貿易，看來已發展出較為多樣化的經營模式，區域涵括臺灣與廈門，他們除了透過自身船團轉口發賣，同時也就地售給前來貿易的英國商人。此外，這些日本銅料也被用來交換火炮軍器，或用於鑄造錢幣與火炮，可知銅貨交易與自身消費使用，皆有了一定程度的成長。第三期為清領初期，始於臺灣船再度赴日貿易的1687 年，終於1750 年代左右。為求準確理解兩件棹銅所屬時空脈絡，本研究也考量了澎湖馬公灣所處的地緣關係，最後確定其所屬年代上限，應在十七世紀中期，下限則在十八世紀中葉左右。澎湖馬公港出水的兩件棹銅，為目前臺灣地區所見唯一完整的日本棹銅實例，其所顯示的重要性，不僅反映臺灣在日本棹銅貿易網絡中所處之地位，同時也是十七至十八世紀亞洲多邊貿易與多元文化互動過程中，具體而微的縮影。

This paper covers the research of the name, format, date and the historical context of two artifacts discovered in Ma-gung Harbor, Pescadores (Peng-hu archipelago). The author had identified that these two pieces are the copper wire bars or copper bars (Sao Dou) used in Nagasaki trade in the Japanese Edo period. One can see similar artifacts found in the current collections both in Japan and the Netherlands, as well as discovered in Osaka and Nagasaki Archaeological excavations. This paper will address the Japanese manufacture techniques of copper refining. The author also presents the observation and analysis of the trading activities based on the painting records or manuscripts available. Based on the historical records on hand, this paper had concluded the three phrases of the Taiwan trading of Japan copper wire bar between the Seventeen and Eighteen Century. The first phrase is the late Dutch period from 1547 to 1661. The Dutch East India Company (VOC) transported copper wire bars to Taiwan passing through the Peng-hu waters. Then it was shipped to the rest of the world. The copper was just one of the many goods in the transit trade of VOC. The second phrase is Ming-Cheng period (1662-1683). Cheng's family trade groups had developed various ways of trading copper wire bars. They sold copper bars in territories covering Taiwan and Amoy to Chinese businessmen as well as British businessmen. On the other hands, those copper wire bars were not only used in exchanging artillery, but also used to manufacture currency and weaponry by themselves. One can see the substantial degree of growth and development on copper wire bars in terms of usage and trading. The last phrase is Early Qing period (1687-1750). About the dating of these two artifacts, one should also take in the considerations of the geographical and historical context of Ma-gung Harbor, Pescadores (Peng-hu archipelago). The author had identified that the date of the two copper wire bars is between mid-Seventeenth Century to mid-Eighteenth Century. So far these two Japan copper wire bars are the only artifacts in good condition discovered in Taiwan. This finding indicates the Taiwan's significant role in the trading network of the Japan copper bar. It is also a vibrant microcosm of the trading in Asia in which reflected those flourishing multi-cultural interactions and activities between the Seventeen Century and Eighteen Century.