捷克的民族精神：音樂與視覺藝術的展現

The Nationalism in Czech: The Expression in Music and Visual Art

十九世紀歐洲民族主義的興起，改變了世界的歷史，歐洲的地圖也在不斷的改變中逐漸定型；捷克在當時仍是哈布斯堡王朝所統治的領土，波西米亞是當時這塊土地最常見的代名詞。在政治尚未獨立的背景，追求獨立的民族精神在音樂家史麥塔那（Bedřich Smetana, 1824-1884）、德佛札克（Antonin Dvořák, 1841-1904）、楊納傑克（Leoš Janáček, 1854-1928）與「新藝術」（Art Nouveau）藝術家慕夏（Alphonse Mucha, 1860-1939）的作品中顯現；他們以斯拉夫的民族特質、民間傳說、民俗舞蹈、歷史題材或地理名稱為創作靈感，在看似各自獨立發展中，民族主義是兩大領域的共同特色，這亦是捷克獨立建國的重要基石。

The aroused nationalisms in the 19th-century Europe changed the history of the world. Along with these changes, the European map settled gradually. Czech was dominated by the Habsburg Empire then and represented mostly by Bohemia. Due to the political background, the growth of independent nationalism shown in the works of musicians such as Bedřich Smetana (1824-1884), Antonin Dvořák (1841-1904), Leoš Janáček (1854-1928), and Art Nouveau artist Alphonse Mucha (1860-1939). Their works were inspired by their Slavic ethnic identity, folklore, folkdances, historical issues, and geographical names. Nationalism is the main characteristic in both areas even though they seem developed individually; it is also the fundamental stone in the independence of Czech.