儒家社會中的仁本思維：以人際請託事件之認知歷程為例

Ren-based Thinking Style in Confucian Society

本研究的目的在探討華人在儒家倫理的基礎上所發展出來的思考風格，並從情境是否涉及消極義務來分析人際互動的認知歷程。實徵研究以人際請託的情境故事為材料，操弄「互動對象」與「請託內容」兩個變項，並分析參與者認為故事主角在面對家庭內的關係對象（父親）／家庭外的關係對象（室友）的合法／違法請託時所作的抉擇，以及接受或拒絕請託的理由，藉以展示華人的仁本思維。結果顯示，當請託內容違反了法律，受託者會以普遍道德取向與情感道德取向兩種認知結構來作判斷；對於父親與室友，個人都會考慮與普遍道德相關的因素，但對於父親，會考慮到更多與情感道德相關的因素，因此，個人答應提供父親協助的可能性比室友高。然而，在合法請託的情境脈絡中，答應室友的比例未如預期的低於父親，兩者無顯著差異。此外，利他取向對接受請託有顯著的正向預測效果，個人考慮利他相關因素的可能性越高，越可能答應對方的請託；利己取向對接受請託不具預測力，但可調節利他取向與接受請託之間的關係。

This research is aimed to investigate the Ren-based thinking style of Taiwanese people under the influence of Confucian ethics. A favor request of an illegal nature may prime both cognitive structures of universal morality as well as affectional morality. Participants were more likely to report reasons from affectional morality in their decision-making when facing father's favor requests. Therefore, they were more likely to accept requests from father rather than from a roommate. Although the favor request of a legal nature may prime cognitive structures of other-orientation and self-orientation, only other-orientation was found to significantly predict decisions. The more other-oriented reasons participants reported in their decision-making, the more likely they accepted requests. Self-orientation was found to moderate the relationship between other-orientation and decisions. The findings implicated that even the same personal reasoning factor may come from different cognitive structures under different circumstances.