從《老子》人性論初探道家的諮商理念

The Counseling Principles of Dao’s Approach Based on Lao-tzu’s Humanity Theory

本文目的旨在探索《老子》一書的人性論，並藉此建構道家取向的諮商理念。本文透過文獻探討發現老子人性論是以道、德、聖人為論述主軸，並且是在相對脈絡、存有脈絡及宇宙脈絡三個層次下，論人性發展的三項心理動力，包括相對化、虛柔心及自發性，總稱為反之動能。而聖人具有相對論、存有學和宇宙觀的視野，展現自然無為、知反價值、若水式溝通的貴道親德行為，正是助人工作者的最佳典範。而人之困擾乃緣於漠視存有之間的相對性、存有內在的虛柔心、存有本體的自發性所引起。最後本文藉由前述討論老子論人性的發展脈絡及心理動力等概念，提出超越多元文化主義與靈性觀點的道家取向諮商理念及其相關療癒主張，包括道家取向的諮商目標、諮商師的功能與角色、當事人在諮商中的可能經驗、諮商關係等向度。最後於文末提出本文限制及建議，作為未來相關研究的參考方向。

The purpose of this article is to explore Lao-tzu's theory of human nature and to establish counseling principles based on this approach. Lao-tzu's theory of human nature is based on 3 contexts: awareness of relativity, being, and universe. There are 3 main findings about Lao-tzu's view on mental health: the development of relativistic awareness, the increase of open and feminine perspectives, and spontaneity. Together they can be labeled a Fan (反, regaining) philosophy. Besides, Sage is the ideal human being who acts on the nature of Wu Wei (無為), the philosophy of Fan, feminine communication under the perspectives of relativity, being, and universe context. In this article I establish counseling principles based on Lao-tzu's philosophy from the perspectives of multiculturalism and spirituality counseling. I also discuss the counselor's role, the client's possible experiences, and the counseling relationship.