臺灣地區族群與國族認同的顯性與隱性意識

Explicit and Implicit Consciousness of Taiwanese Ethnic and National Identity

本文分二個研究。研究一探討台灣民眾之族群認同的顯性認知：七百二十六位成人受試者從(1)台灣人，(2)中國人，(3)是台灣人也是中國人，(4)是中國人也是台灣人，(5)新台灣人，(6)華人的六種類別中，選擇一項他最願意用來認定他自己身分的類別，並就「同種同文」及「親近相屬」兩向度評定他對「台灣」、「中國」與「華夏」三個群體的感覺。結果顯示，不管是什麼身分認定的受試者，相對於「中國」與「華夏」，對「台灣」的親近相屬評定都差不多同等的最高；但對「中國」與「華夏」的評定則因自我身分認定的不同而有異。台灣成分的認定拉開了與大中國的距離，中國成分的認定則拉近了距離。本研究者認為受試者的「台灣」族群認同以「生活場域親親性」為基礎，而對「大中國」的族群認同則以「血緣親親性」與「文化親親性」為基礎。研究二探討台灣民眾族群認同的隱性認知：當受試者記憶深處的「華夏原鄉情懷」被觸發後，對大中國的認同有顯著的增加，但增加後的強度仍反映台灣身分認定與中國身分認定的差別現象。本文根據研究結果，對兩岸最好以什麼關係型態結合提出建議。

Two studies were conducted. In the first study, 726 adults categorized themselves into 1 of 6 identities: Taiwanese, Chinese, Taiwanese but also Chinese, Chinese but also Taiwanese, New Taiwanese, General Chinese. All participants also evaluated Taiwan and China on the dimensions of same lineage-culture and feelings of closeness. Despite choosing different ethnic identities to define themselves, all participants had almost equally high positive evaluations of Taiwan. Their evaluations of China varied with their chosen ethnic identity. Identification as 'Chinese' reduced psychological distance from China, while incorporation of Taiwanese identity increased the distance. It was proposed that nepotism of life space underlies participants' attitudes toward Taiwan, whereas the attitude toward China is based on lineage nepotism and cultural nepotism. In the second study, when participants' implicit memory of the connection between all Chinese people and China was activated, their favorable attitudes toward China unconsciously increased no matter what their ethnic identity. Implications for reunification of Taiwan and China are discussed.