追求與變遷：天人合一境界與中國人的國民性格

Chinese National Character and Pursuit of Universe-Human Synchronization

在中國傳統文化中，儒、道、釋各家都追求「天人合一」的最高境界，以至成為一種主流文化。從心理學上看，這一境界並不神秘，它是一種「忘我」的特殊的自我意識狀態，一種靠「忘我」的自我修養達到的精神境界。對此種境界如此孜孜以求，勢必影響到中國人的國民性格。中國人人格中的泛宗教的神秘主義絕對與此有關。中國人沒有上帝的概念，但是信仰神仙，相信鬼神，追求達觀超脫，體察天人感應，能夠樂天知命。如此的觀念與行為成為人格之穩定特徵。本文試對文藝作品中人物的這些特徵作內容分析（content analyses），發現天人合一之追求，的確已構成中國人之人格特徵，因為在四國之比較中，中國人這些特徵的頻率是最高的。然而也看到，隨著歷史與文化的變遷，這些文化人格特徵顯然也發生變化，變化的趨勢是逐漸衰化。

In traditional Chinese culture, Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism all support pursuit of mental synchronization between the universe and humans. This synchronization is a state of forgetting oneself. Pursuit of this state has influenced Chinese national character. A content analysis of art production was conducted to determine specifically what aspects of Chinese character have been impacted. Results showed these character traits such as 'mysticism', 'transcendency' (calm, quiet attitude towards life, even in the face of unhappiness, danger, difficulty, etc.), 'universe-human induction', and 'optimism' all related to pursuit of this state of synchronization. The frequency of these character traits among mainland Chinese is higher than among Japanese, Russians, and Americans. Although the Chinese national character has changed, the trend towards change is declining.